Abstract
The temperature rise during the growing season on the Tibetan Plateau (TP) is crucial for the local vegetation phenology and atmospheric circulation. In this study, we investigated the possible effects of soil moisture (SM) anomalies associated with the freeze–thaw process on the surface air temperature (SAT) rise during the growing season using observations and reanalysis data from 1979 to 2014. Results demonstrate that winter SM anomalies associated with the freeze–thaw process can persist until July, significantly modulating SAT rise intensity from May to July on the TP. Positive winter SM anomalies can lead to decreased in SAT in May but increased in SAT in July, thus strengthening the SAT rise from May to July. Further analysis of physical mechanisms suggest the positive winter SM anomaly leads to the increase of surface latent heat flux but the decrease of surface sensible heat flux in May, thus cooling the SAT. As July approaches, significantly increased atmospheric water vapor caused by the positive winter SM anomaly leads to the enhancement of surface downward longwave radiation, which exceeds the cooling effect of decreased sensible heat, resulting in a warmer SAT. Previous studies mainly revealed the “drier SM—higher SAT” feedback. Here we highlight that the thermal variations caused by SM anomalies related with the freeze–thaw process are complicated in the TP, with completely opposite climatic effects during different months.
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Data availability
The datasets in this study are freely available in the following repositories: the CN05.1 data can be obtained from http://ccrc.iap.ac.cn/resource/detail?id=228. The CMFD data is downloaded from http://poles.tpdc.ac.cn/en/data/8028b944-daaa-4511-8769-965612652c49. The CPC data is downloaded from https://psl.noaa.gov/data/gridded/data.cpcsoil.html; The JRA-55 reanalysis data is downloaded from http://search.diasjp.net/en/dataset/JRA55. All figures were produced using NCAR Command Language (NCL) version 6.6.2, an open source software free to the public, by NCAR, https://doi.org/10.5065/d6wd3xh5.
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Acknowledgements
This study was jointly supported by the National Key Research and Development Program (2022YFF0801703) and the National Natural Science Foundation of China (41822503 and 42175053). The authors declare no competing financial interests.
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This study was jointly supported by the National Key Research and Development Program (2022YFF0801703) and the National Natural Science Foundation of China (41822503 and 42175053).
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ZL: conceptualization, investigation, methodology, writing—original draft. ZZ: conceptualization, funding acquisition, writing—review and editing. DX: writing—review and editing. QY: writing—review and editing.
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Lin, Z., Zuo, Z., Xiao, D. et al. Soil moisture associated with freeze–thaw process modulated growing-season temperature rise in the Tibetan Plateau. Clim Dyn 61, 3619–3631 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00382-023-06768-w
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s00382-023-06768-w