Abstract
This study investigates the role of perturbation potential energy (PPE) in energetic connection between the South China Sea summer monsoon (SCSSM) and Indian Ocean dipole (IOD). When the SCSSM is strong during boreal summer, the higher and lower PPE anomalies controlled primarily by the diabatic heating correspond to negative and positive energy conversion, favoring the ascending and descending motions over western North Pacific (WNP) and southern Maritime Continent (SMC), respectively. This implies the existence of the regional Hadley circulation. This regional Hadley circulation-induced lower southeasterly wind anomalies reduce the local sea surface temperature (SST) anomalies over the tropical southeastern Indian Ocean via the wind–evaporation–SST and wind–thermocline–SST feedbacks, increasing the zonal SST gradient over the tropical Indian Ocean. Thus, a positive IOD event develops in boreal summer, and verse vice. Although the SCSSM decays during boreal autumn, the increased gradient of the PPE anomalies intensifies the anomalous Walker circulation over the tropical Indian Ocean, providing positive feedback that allows the IOD to mature. Consequently, the PPE dipole over WNP and SMC serves as an energetic bridge between the SCSSM and IOD.
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NCEP/NCAR datasets were obtained from https://psl.noaa.gov/data/gridded/data.ncep.reanalysis.html; ERSST v5 downloaded at https://psl.noaa.gov/data/gridded/tables/sst.html; and SODA 2.2.4 was available at https://iridl.ldeo.columbia.edu/SOURCES/.CARTON-GIESE/.SODA/.v2p2p4/ssh/datafiles.html.
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Acknowledgements
Thanks for the helpful suggestions from Dr. XG Yan. This work was jointly sponsored by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (NSFC) Project (42105055; 42130607), Shandong Natural Science Foundation Project (ZR2019ZD12), Qingdao Postdoctoral Applied Research Project (862105040041), Taishan Pandeng Scholar Project, the open fund of State Key Laboratory of Satellite Ocean Environment Dynamics, Second Institute of Oceanography, Ministry of Natural Resources (QNHX2217). Thanks for the Center for High Performance Computing and System Simulation, Laoshan Laboratory (Qingdao) for providing computing resource.
Funding
This work was jointly sponsored by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (NSFC) Project (42105055; 42130607), Shandong Natural Science Foundation Project (ZR2019ZD12), Qingdao Postdoctoral Applied Research Project (862105040041), Taishan Pandeng Scholar Project, the open fund of State Key Laboratory of Satellite Ocean Environment Dynamics, Second Institute of Oceanography, Ministry of Natural Resources (QNHX2217).
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YZ and JL contributed to the conceptualization and design of the study. Figures visualization and formal analysis were performed by YZ. YZ, JL, and YD analyzed and interpreted the energetic processes. The first draft of the manuscript was written by YZ, and all authors reviewed and approved the manuscript.
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Zhang, Y., Li, J., Diao, Y. et al. Energetic connection between the South China Sea summer monsoon and Indian Ocean dipole from the perspective of perturbation potential energy. Clim Dyn 61, 2457–2470 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00382-023-06693-y
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s00382-023-06693-y