Abstract
The present study focuses on climatological distributions of Monsoon Depressions (MDs) during different phases of Monsoon Intraseasonal Oscillation (MISO) and their relationship with different observed meteorological and oceanic parameters from buoys. The MISO is represented as a cyclic process with eight phases to show the northward propagation of the rainfall band. Almost 60% of MDs occur during the third and fourth phases of MISO over the north Bay of Bengal (BoB) and central India. Interestingly, a similar climatological composite of SST for different MISO phases does not precisely match the spatial precipitation pattern over the BoB. Instead, the oscillation is shown over a confined area near the east coast and to the north of 15\(^\circ\) N. The lagged (6–12 days) impact of SST is well recognized in central and west BoB. The characteristics of MISO are explained through a detailed investigation of two contrasting years (2017 and 2018) in terms of the number of MDs. The analysis showed possible impacts of intensity and track of depressions on the MISO in terms of its intensity and successive phases. The intraseasonal signal of surface salinity is mostly negative during the weak phases of MISO (7, 8, and 1) with a slight lag (10–15 days) because of a freshwater flux resulting from the previous wet period. Similarly, during the active phases (phase 3 to phase 6), the salinity signal becomes positive for the lagged impact of higher evaporation during the current and prior phases. A consecutive repetition of phases 4 to 6, associated with different MDs concurrence with increasing ocean heat content (OHC), is noted during both years. The ISO in subsurface (25–60 m) temperature is stronger in 2018, and upward propagation of temperature anomaly helps in formations of more depressions than in 2017. In addition, six years (2013–2018) of subsurface temperature showed that MDs formation followed the warmer subsurface. The ISO signals for different meteorological parameters, Air Temperature, Sea Level Pressure, and Wind Speed are comparatively stronger (by amplitude) in 2018 than in 2017, resulting in higher variability of MISO and more MDs.
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Data availability
MISO data (1998–2019) is available at Indian Institute of Tropical Meteorology (IITM) (source: https://www.tropmet.res.in/erpas/files/MISO_data.php). The TRMM daily precipitation data is freely available from https://disc.gsfc.nasa.gov/datasets/TRMM_3B42_Daily_7/summary. The GPCP rainfall data is obtained from http://apdrc.soest.hawaii.edu/las/v6/constrain?var=12825 (accessed date: 5 May 2022). The tracks and other details of MDs are collected from IMD Best Track data (https://rsmcnewdelhi.imd.gov.in/). The GHRSST is available from https://podaac.jpl.nasa.gov/GHRSST. The OLR data is obtained from the NCEP-NCAR https://psl.noaa.gov/data/gridded/data.interp_OLR.html. The net heat flux and latent heat flux from TropFlux is provided by Indian National Centre for Ocean Information Services (INCOIS) (https://incois.gov.in/tropflux/DataHome.jsp). Met parameters from BD08 and subsurface ocean parameters from BD09 are obtained from INCOIS (https://incois.gov.in/portal/datainfo/buoys.jsp).
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Acknowledgements
The authors thank the National Institute of Ocean Technology (NIOT), the Indian National Centre for Ocean Information Services (INCOIS), and the Ministry of Earth Sciences (MoES) for providing the buoy datasets. Scientific discussion with S. Pattnaik, IITBBS and R. Venkatesan, NIOT is greatly acknowledged. We thank the Editor and reviewers for their constructive comments. The authors used Matlab to generate all figures.
Funding
This study is supported by Science and Engineering Research Board (SERB), Government of India (Grant No. CRG/2019/005842).
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AR: conceptualization, methodology, formal analysis and investigation, original draft preparation, SS: conceptualization, review and editing, funding acquisition and supervision.
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Ray, A., Sil, S. Monsoon depressions and air-sea interactions during different phases of monsoon intraseasonal oscillation. Clim Dyn 60, 851–866 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00382-022-06352-8
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s00382-022-06352-8