Abstract
The variability of boreal spring Hadley circulation (HC) over the Asian monsoon domain over the last four decades is explored. The climatological distribution of the regional HC is symmetric of the equator, with the ascending branch around the equator and sinking branch around the subtropics in each hemisphere. The first dominant mode (EOF1) of the regional HC is equatorial asymmetric, with the main body in the Southern Hemisphere (SH) and the ascending branch to the north of the equator. This mode is mainly characterized by interannual variation and is related to El Niño-Southern Oscillation (ENSO). Significant negative sea surface temperature (SST) anomalies are observed over the tropical Indian Ocean (TIO) along with the development of La Niña events; however, the magnitude of SST anomalies in the southern Indian Ocean is greater than that in the northern counterpart, contributing to EOF1 formation. The spatial distribution of the second dominant mode (EOF2) is with the main body lying in the Northern Hemisphere (NH) and the ascending branch located to the south of the equator. The temporal variation of this mode is connected to the warming of the TIO. The warming rate of the southern TIO SST is faster than that in the northern counterpart, resulting in the southward migration of the rising branch. The above result indicates the critical role of the meridional distribution of SST on the variability of the regional HC.
This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.
Similar content being viewed by others
References
Bretherton CS, Widmann M, Dymnikov VP, Wallace JM, Bladé L (1999) The effective number of spatial degrees of freedom of a time-varying field. J Climate 12:1990–2009. https://doi.org/10.1175/1520-0442(1999)012%3c1990:TENOSD%3e2.0.CO;2
Chao JP, Wang ZG (1991) Influence of the ocean heating scale on the structure of the vertical circulation cell in the tropical atmosphere. J Nanjing Inst Meteorol 14:10–17
Chase TN, Knaff JA, Pielke RA, Kalnay E (2003) Changes in global monsoon circulations since 1950. Nat Hazards 29:229–254. https://doi.org/10.1023/a:1023638030885
Chen SF, Wei K, Chen W, Song LY (2014a) Regional changes in the annual mean Hadley circulation in recent decades. J Geophys Res Atmos 119(13):7815–7832. https://doi.org/10.1002/2014JD021540
Chen SF, Yu B, Chen W (2014b) An analysis on the physical process of the influence of AO on ENSO. Climate Dyn 42(3–4):973–989
Chen L, Yu YQ, Zheng WP (2016) Improved ENSO simulation from climate system model FGOALS-g1.0 to FGOALS-g2. Climate Dyn 47:2617–2634. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00382-016-2988-8
Chen L, Li T, Yu YQ, Behera SK (2017) A possible explanation for the divergent projection of ENSO amplitude change under global warming. Climate Dyn 49:3799–3811. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00382-017-3544-x
Chie I, Kushnir Y, Mark AC, Kaplan A (2008) Timing of El Niño-related warming and Indian summer monsoon rainfall. J Climate 21(11):2711–2719. https://doi.org/10.1175/2007JCLI1979.1
Chowdary JS, Gnanaseelan C, Vaid BH, Salvekar PS (2006) Changing trends in the Tropical Indian Ocean SST during the La Niña years. Geophys Res Lett 33:L18610. https://doi.org/10.1029/2006GL026707
Dai AG (2013) Increasing drought under global warming in observations and models. Nat Climate Change 3:52–58. https://doi.org/10.1038/nclimate1811
Dee DP, Uppala SM, Simmons AJ et al (2011) The ERA-Interim reanalysis: configuration and performance of the data assimilation system. Q J R Meteorol Soc 137(656):553–597. https://doi.org/10.1002/qj.828
Feng J, Li JP (2013) Contrasting impacts of two types of ENSO on the boreal spring Hadley circulation. J Climate 26:4773–4789. https://doi.org/10.1175/JCLI-D-12-00298.1
Feng J, Li JP, Jin FF, Liu ZY, Xing N, Guo YP (2016) Contrasting responses of the hadley circulation to equatorially asymmetric and symmetric meridional sea surface temperature structures. J Climate 29:8949–8963. https://doi.org/10.1175/JCLI-D-16-0171.1
Feng J, Li JP, Jin FF, Liu ZY, Zhao S (2019) Effect of El Niño on the response ratio of Hadley circulation to different SST meridional structures. Climate Dyn. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00382-019-04756-7
Freitas AV, Ambrizzi T (2015) Recent changes in the annual mean regional Hadley circulation and their impacts on South America. Adv Meteorol. https://doi.org/10.1155/2015/780205
Freitas AV, Aímola L, Ambrizzi T, Oliveira CP (2017) Changes in intensity of the regional Hadley cell in Indian ocean and its impacts on surrounding regions. Meteorol Atmos Phys 129(3):229–246. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00703-016-0477-6
Fu Q, Johanson CM, Wallace JM, Reichler T (2006) Enhanced mid-latitude tropospheric warming in satellite measurements. Science 312:1179. https://science.sciencemag.org/content/312/5777/1179
Fyfe JC, Gillett NP, Marshall GJ (2012) Human influence on extratropical Southern Hemisphere summer precipitation. Geophys Res Lett 39:L23711. https://doi.org/10.1029/2012GL054199
Gill AE (1980) Some simple solutions for heat-induced tropical circulation. Quart J Roy Meteor Soc 106(449):447–462
Guo YP, Tan ZM (2018) Impacts of the boreal spring Indo-Pacific warm pool Hadley circulation on tropical cyclone activity over the western North Pacific. J Climate 31:1361–1375. https://doi.org/10.1175/JCLI-D-17-0422.1
Guo YP, Li JP, Feng J, Xie F, Sun C, Zheng JY (2016) The multidecadal variability of the asymmetric mode of the boreal autumn Hadley circulation and its link to the Atlantic Multidecadal Oscillation. J Climate 29:5625–5641. https://doi.org/10.1175/jcli-d-15-0025.1
Hadley G (1735) Concerning the cause of the general trade-winds: By Geo. Hadley, Esq; FRS. Philos Trans 39(436–444):58–62
Hoell A, Funk C, Barlow M (2014) La Niña diversity and northwest Indian Ocean rim teleconnections. Climate Dyn 43:2707–2724. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00382-014-2083-y
Hou AY (1998) Hadley circulation as a modulator of the extra-tropical climate. J Atmos Sci 55:2437–2457. https://doi.org/10.1175/1520-0469(1998)055%3c2437:HCAAMO%3e2.0.CO;2
Hou AY, Lindzen RS (1992) The influence of concentrated heating on the Hadley circulation. J Atmos Sci 49(14):1233–1241. https://doi.org/10.1175/1520-0469(1992)049%3c1233:TIOCHO%3e2.0.CO;2
Huang RP, Chen SF, Chen W, Hu P (2018a) Has the regional Hadley circulation over western Pacific during boreal winter been strengthening in recent decades? Atmos Ocean Sci Lett 11(454–463):362
Huang RP, Chen SF, Chen W, Hu P (2018b) Interannual variability of regional Hadley circulation intensity over western Pacific during boreal winter and its climatic impact over Asia-Australia region. J Geophys Res Atmos 123:344–366. https://doi.org/10.1002/2017JD027919
Huang RP, Chen SF, Chen W, Hu P, Yu B (2019) Recent strengthening of the regional Hadley circulation over the western Pacific during boreal spring. Adv Atmos Sci. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00376-019-9004-2
Kalnay E, Kanamitsu M, Kistler R, Collins W, Deaven D, Gandin L (1996) The NCEP/NCAR 40-year reanalysis project. Bull Am Meteorol Soc 77(3):437–472. https://doi.org/10.1175/1520-0477(1996)077%3c0437:TNYRP%3e2.0.CO;2
Kobayashi S et al (2015) The JRA-55 reanalysis: general specifications and basic characteristics. J Meteorol Soc Japan 93:5–48. https://doi.org/10.2151/jmsj.2015-001
Li CF, Michio YA (1996) The onset and interannual variability of the Asian Summer Monsoon in relation to land-sea thermal contrast. J Climate 9:358–375. https://doi.org/10.1175/1520-0442(1996)009%3c0358:TOAIVO%3e2.0.CO;2
Mitas C, Clement A (2006) Recent behaviour of Hadley cell and tropical thermodynamics in climate models and re-analyses. Geophys Res Lett 33:L01810. https://doi.org/10.1029/2005GL024406
Nakamura T, Tachibana Y, Honda M, Yamane S (2006) Influence of the Northern Hemisphere annular mode on ENSO by modulating westerly wind bursts. Geophys Res Lett 33(7):L07709
Nguyen H, Evans A, Lucas C, Smith I, Timbal B (2013) The Hadley circulation in reanalyses: climatology, variability, and change. J Climate 26:3357–3376. https://doi.org/10.1175/JCLI-D-12-00224.1
Nguyen H, Lucas C, Evans A, Timbal B, Hanson L (2015) Expansion of the Southern Hemisphere Hadley cell in response to greenhouse gas forcing. J Climate 28(20):8067–8077. https://doi.org/10.1175/JCLI-D-15-0139
Nguyen H, Hendon HH, Lim EP, Boschat G, Maloney E, Timbal B (2017) Variability of the extent of the Hadley circulation in the southern hemisphere: a regional perspective. Climate Dyn 21:1–14. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00382-017-3592-2
Numaguti A (1995) Dynamics and energy balance of the Hadley circulation and the tropical precipitation zones. Part II: sensitivity to meridional SST distribution. J Atmos Sci 52(8):1128–1141. https://doi.org/10.1175/1520-0469(1995)052%3c1128:DAEBOT%3e2.0.CO;2
Oort AH, Yienger JJ (1996) Observed interannual variability in the Hadley circulation and its connection to ENSO. J Climate 9(11):2751–2767. https://doi.org/10.1175/1520-0469(1995)052%3C1128:DAEBOT%3E2.0.CO;2
Quan XW, Diaz HF, Hoerling MP (2004) Change in the tropical Hadley cell since 1950. The Hadley circulation: past, present, and future. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, pp 85–120
Ratnam JV, Behera SK, Masumoto Y, Takahashi K, Yamagata T (2012) Anomalous climatic conditions associated with the El Niño Modoki during boreal winter of 2009. Climate Dyn 39:227–238. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00382-011-1108-z
Rayner NA, Parker DE, Horton EB, Folland CK, Alexander LV, Rowell DP, Kent EC, Kaplan A (2003) Global analyses of sea surface temperature, sea ice and night marine air temperature since the late nineteenth century. J Geophys Res 108:4407. https://doi.org/10.1029/2002JD002670
RenéD G, Patricio A (2001) Interannual Rainfall Variability over the South American Altiplano. J Climate 14:2779–2789. https://doi.org/10.1175/1520-0442(2001)014%3c2779:IRVOTS%3e2.0.CO;2
Rind D, Rossow WB (1984) The effects of physical processes on the Hadley circulation. J Atmos Sci 41(4):479–507. https://doi.org/10.1175/1520-0469(1984)041%3c0479:teoppo%3e2.0.CO;2
Santoso A, England MH, Cai W (2015) Impact of Indo-Pacific feedback interactions on ENSO dynamics diagnosed using ensemble climate simulations. J Climate 28(13):5017–5029. https://doi.org/10.1175/JCLI-D-14-00114.1
Schneider EK, Lindzen RS (1977) Axially symmetric steady-state models of the basic state for instability and climate studies. Part I. Linearized calculations. J Atmos Sci 34(2):263–279. https://doi.org/10.1175/1520-0469(1977)034%3c0263:asssmo%3e2.0.co;2
Schott FA, Xie SP, McCreary JP (2008) Indian Ocean circulation and climate variability. Rev Geophys. https://doi.org/10.1029/2007RG000245(In press)
Seager R, Harnik N, Kushnir Y, Robinson W, Miller J (2003) Mechanisms of hemispherically symmetric climate variability. J Climate 16:2960–2978. https://doi.org/10.1175/1520-0442(2003)016%3c2960:MOHSCV%3e2.0.CO;2
Smith TM, Reynolds RW, Peterson TC, Lawrimore J (2008) Improvements to NOAA’s historical merged land–ocean surface temperature analysis (1880–2006). J Climate 21:2283–2296. https://doi.org/10.1175/2007JCLI2100.1
Stachnik JP, Schumacher C (2011) A comparison of the Hadley circulation in modern reanalyses. J Geophys Res Atmos 116:D22102. https://doi.org/10.1029/2011JD016677
Sun Y, Zhou T (2014) How does El Niño affect the interannual variability of the boreal summer Hadley circulation? J Climate 27:2622–2642
Trenberth KE, Stepaniak DP (2003) Seamless poleward atmospheric energy transports and implications for the Hadley circulation. J Climate 16(22):3706–3722. https://doi.org/10.1175/1520-0442(2003)016%3c3706:spaeta%3e2.0.co;2
Wang B (2001a) Interannual variability of the Asian Summer Monsoon: contrasts between the Indian and the Western North Pacific-East Asian Monsoons. J Climate 14:4073–4090. https://doi.org/10.1175/1520-0442(2001)014%3c4073:ivotas%3e2.0.co;2
Wang HJ (2001b) The weakening of the Asian monsoon circulation after the end of 1970’s. Adv Atmos Sci 18:376–386. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF02919316
Wang CZ (2002) Atmospheric circulation cells associated with the El Niño-Southern oscillation. J Climate 15(4):399–419. https://doi.org/10.1175/1520-0442(2002)015%3c0399:ACCAWT%3e2.0.CO;2
Wang C (2004) ENSO, Atlantic climate variability, and the Walker and Hadley circulations. In: Diaz HF, Bradley RS (eds) The Hadley circulation: present, past and future. Advances in global change research, vol 21. Kluwer Academic, New York, pp 173–202
Wang C (2005) ENSO, Atlantic climate variability, and the Walker and Hadley circulations. In: Diaz HF, Bradley RS (eds) The Hadley circulation: present, past, and future. Kluwer Acad, New York, pp 173–202
Wang B, Yang J, Zhou TJ, Wang B (2008) Interdecadal changes in the major modes of Asian-Australian Monsoon variability: strengthening relationship with ENSO since the Late 1970s. J Climate 21(8):1771–1789. https://doi.org/10.1175/2007JCLI1981.1
Webster PJ, Yang S (1992) Monsoon and ENSO: selectively interactive systems. Q J R Meteorol Soc 118:877–926. https://doi.org/10.1002/qj.49711850705
Xie SP, Hu K, Hafner J, Tokinaga H, Du Y, Huang G, Sampe T (2009) Indian Ocean capacitor effect on Indo-Western Pacific climate during the summer following El Niño. J Climate 22(3):730–747. https://doi.org/10.1175/2008JCLI2544.1
Xing N, Li JP, Li YK (2014) Response of the tropical atmosphere to isolated equatorial asymmetric heating (in Chinese). Chin J Atmos Sci 38:1147–1158
Zeng G, Wang WC, Sun ZB, Li ZX (2011) Atmospheric circulation cells associated with anomalous East Asian winter monsoon. Adv Atmos Sci 28(4):913–926. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00376-010-0100-6
Zhang G, Wang Z (2013) Interannual variability of the Atlantic Hadley circulation in boreal summer and its impacts on tropical cyclone activity. J Climate 26(21):8529–8544. https://doi.org/10.1175/JCLI-D-12-00802.1
Zhang WJ, Wang L, Xiang BQ, Qi L, He JH (2015) Impacts of two types of La Niña on the NAO during boreal winter. Climate Dyn 44:1351–1366. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00382-014-2155-z
Zhou, TJ, Yu RC, Li HM, Wang B (2008) Ocean forcing to changes in global monsoon precipitation over the recent half-century. J Climate 21:3833–3852. https://journals.ametsoc.org/doi/pdf/10.1175/2008JCLI2067.1
Acknowledgements
This work was jointly supported by the National Key R&D Program of China (2016YFA0601801), National Natural Science Foundation of China (NSFC) Project (41975079), and the SOA Program on Global Change and Air-Sea interactions (GASI-IPOVAI-03). The HadISST dataset was obtained from the UK Met Office Hadley Centre and is available online at http://www.metoffice.gov.uk/hadobs/hadisst/data/download.html. The NCEP1 and ERSST reanalyses were obtained from NOAA and are available at http://www.esrl.noaa.gov/psd/data/gridded/. The JRA reanalysis is available online at http://jra.kishou.go.jp/JRA-55/index_en.html.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Additional information
Publisher's Note
Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Wang, Y., Feng, J., Li, J. et al. Variability of boreal spring Hadley circulation over the Asian monsoon domain and its relationship with tropical SST. Clim Dyn 54, 1655–1669 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00382-019-05079-3
Received:
Accepted:
Published:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s00382-019-05079-3