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Modulation of equatorial Pacific sea surface temperature response to westerly wind events by the oceanic background state

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Abstract

Equatorial Pacific Westerly Wind Events (WWEs) impact ENSO evolution through their local and remote oceanic response. This response depends upon the WWE properties (duration, intensity, fetch…) but also on the underlying oceanic state. Oceanic simulations with an identical idealised western Pacific WWE applied every 3 months on seasonally and interannually varying oceanic conditions over the 1980–2012 period allow characterizing and understanding the modulation of the WWE response by the oceanic background state. These simulations reveal that the amplitude of the Sea Surface Temperature (SST) response, which can vary by one order of magnitude, is far more sensitive to the oceanic background conditions than the dynamical response to WWEs. The amplitude of the surface-flux driven cooling in the western Pacific is strongly modulated by zonal advection, through interannual variations in the background SST zonal gradient. The amplitude of the warming at the warm pool eastern edge is controlled by horizontal advection, and varies as a function of the zonal SST gradient and distance between the WWE and warm pool eastern edge. The amplitude of the eastern Pacific warming varies as a function of the background thermocline depth and local winds. Overall, only the amplitude of the WWE-driven western Pacific cooling can be clearly related to the phase of ENSO, while the WWE driven SST response in the central and eastern Pacific is more diverse and less easily related to large-scale properties. The implications of these findings for ENSO predictability are discussed.

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Acknowledgements

This work was supported by Agence Nationale de la Recherche (ANR) projects METRO, Grant No. 2010-BLAN-616-01, MORDICUS, Grant No. ANR-13-SENV-0002, and the Belmont project GOTHAM, Grant No. ANR-15-JCLI-0004-01, as well as the SPECS project funded by the European Commission’s Seventh Framework Research Programme under the Grant agreement 308378. We gratefully acknowledge Christophe Cassou, Marie-Pierre Moine, Laure Coquart and Stéphane Sénési for discussions and help with the model. Computations were carried out at the CNRS supercomputing centre (IDRIS). This work was done while Matthieu Lengaigne was a visiting scientist at the National Institute of Oceanography (Goa, India), thanks to Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD) funding.

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  1. LOCEAN/IPSL (Sorbonne Universités, UPMC, Univ Paris 06-CNRS-IRD-MNHN), Case 100, Université P. et M. Curie, 4, Place Jussieu, 75252, Paris Cedex 05, France

    Martin Puy, Jérôme Vialard, Matthieu Lengaigne, Eric Guilyardi & Gurvan Madec

  2. Indo-French Cell for Water Sciences, IISc-NIO-IITM-IRD Joint International Laboratory, NIO, Goa, India

    Matthieu Lengaigne

  3. NCAS-Climate, University of Reading, Reading, UK

    Eric Guilyardi

  4. CNRM-GAME/GMGEC/ASTER, Météo France, Toulouse, France

    Aurore Voldoire

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Correspondence to Martin Puy.

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This paper is a contribution to the special collection on ENSO Diversity. The special collection aims at improving understanding of the origin, evolution, and impacts of ENSO events that differ in amplitude and spatial patterns, in both observational and modeling contexts, and in the current as well as future climate scenarios. This special collection is coordinated by Antonietta Capotondi, Eric Guilyardi, Ben Kirtman and Sang-Wook Yeh

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Puy, M., Vialard, J., Lengaigne, M. et al. Modulation of equatorial Pacific sea surface temperature response to westerly wind events by the oceanic background state. Clim Dyn 52, 7267–7291 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00382-016-3480-1

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