Abstract
Several studies have shown that the use of different calendars in paleoclimate simulations can cause artificial phase shifts on insolation forcing and climatic responses. However, these important calendar corrections are still often neglected. In this paper, the phase shifts at the precession band is quantitatively assessed by converting the model data of the transient GCM climate simulation of Kutzbach et al. (Clim Dyn 30:567–579, 2008) from the “fixed-day” calendar to the “fixed-angular” calendar with a new and efficient approach. We find that insolation has a big phase shift in September–October–November (SON) when the vernal equinox (VE) is fixed to March 21. At high latitude, the phase bias is up to 60° (about 3650 years). The insolation phase bias in SON in Southern Hemisphere (SH) is especially important because it can influence the timing of the SH summer monsoon response due to the large heat capacity of ocean. The calendar correction has minor effect (±2°) on the phase relationships between forcing and precipitation responses of the six global summer monsoons studied in Kutzbach et al. (2008). After correcting the calendar effect, especial on SH ocean temperature, the new phase wheel results are more similar for both hemispheres. The results suggest that the calendar effect should be corrected before discussing the dynamics between orbital forcing and climatic responses in phase studies of transient simulations.
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Acknowledgments
The authors are grateful to the editor and the two anonymous reviewers. Their constructive comments significantly improved the paper. We also thank David Pollard for providing their code. The simulations were made at the NSF-sponsored computing facility of NCAR, Boulder, Co. This work was jointly supported by US NSF grants, Natural Science Foundation of China (40825008) and National Basic Research Program of China (2010CB833406).
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Chen, GS., Kutzbach, J.E., Gallimore, R. et al. Calendar effect on phase study in paleoclimate transient simulation with orbital forcing. Clim Dyn 37, 1949–1960 (2011). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00382-010-0944-6
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s00382-010-0944-6