Skip to main content
SpringerLink
Log in

3D visualization of droplet splash dynamics with high-speed digital holography

  • Research Article
  • Published:
Experiments in Fluids Aims and scope Submit manuscript

Abstract

Three-dimensional (3D) visualization on droplet splashing characteristics is of great importance in the research of droplet impact on a solid surface. In this study, a high-speed digital in-line holography (DIH) system with \(1024 \times 1024\) pixels at 3500 Hz is employed to investigate the 3D splashing characteristics of large droplet impact (2630 ± 20 μm, which is called the mother droplet) on different rough surfaces and impacting velocities. The experiments are carried out in a wind tunnel at room temperature (15 \(^{\circ }\)C). The high-speed DIH system is calibrated to show that the depth position measurement error is less than 70 μm, and the the size measurement error is less than 2.06% for the target object larger than 31.1 μm. The droplet sizes, droplet number distribution, 3D position of the daughter droplets generated from droplet splash, as well as the morphology evolution are captured by time-resolved holographic visualization. The 3D motion trajectory of the daughter droplets is obtained by applying a four consecutive frames particle tracking algorithm based on particle matching probability, which can help to predict the secondary impact points of the daughter droplets. The results show that there exist three kinds of droplet breakup modes during the droplet impact and splashing process. It presents a more violent splashing behavior with the surface roughness and impacting velocity. The number of the daughter droplets at the 3rd frame after droplet collision increases with the surface roughness, which are 104, 49, 39, and 38 when the surface roughnesses are 250 μm, 25 μm, 3.2 μm and 2.6 μm, respectively. The daughter droplets are not in radially symmetric distribution for the reason of an asymmetry distribution of the flow field along the x-axis and y-axis in the test zone of the wind tunnel. High-speed DIH can be a tool to investigate the splashing characteristics to support the 3D splashing model improvement.

Graphical abstract

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this article

Log in via an institution

Price excludes VAT (USA)
Tax calculation will be finalised during checkout.

Instant access to the full article PDF.

Institutional subscriptions

Fig. 1
Fig. 2
Fig. 3
Fig. 4
Fig. 5
Fig. 6
Fig. 7
Fig. 8
Fig. 9
Fig. 10
Fig. 11
Fig. 12
Fig. 13
Fig. 14

Similar content being viewed by others

References

  • Adam CD (2013) Experimental and theoretical studies of the spreading of bloodstains on painted surfaces. Forensic Sci Int 229(1–3):66–74

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Bhushan B (2000) Surface roughness analysis and measurement techniques. Modern tribology handbook. CRC Press, Florida, pp 79–150

    Chapter  Google Scholar 

  • Biroun MH, Rahmati M, Tao R, Torun H, Jangi M, Fu Y (2020) Dynamic behavior of droplet impact on inclined surfaces with acoustic waves. Langmuir 36(34):10175–10186

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Blossey R (2003) Self-cleaning surfaces-virtual realities. Nat Mater 2(5):301–306

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • de Goede T, de Bruin K, Shahidzadeh N et al (2021) Droplet splashing on rough surfaces. Phys Rev Fluids 6(4):043604

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Gao J, Guildenbecher DR, Reu PL, Kulkarni V, Sojka PE, Chen J (2013) Quantitative, three-dimensional diagnostics of multiphase drop fragmentation via digital in-line holography. Opt Lett 38(11):1893–1895

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Hao J, Green SI (2017) Splash threshold of a droplet impacting a moving substrate. Phys Fluids 29(1):012103

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Henneberger J, Fugal JP, Stetzer O, Lohmann U (2013) HOLIMO II: a digital holographic instrument for ground-based in situ observations of microphysical properties of mixed-phase clouds. Atmos Meas Tech 6(11):2975–2987

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Heyman J (2019) TracTrac: a fast multi-object tracking algorithm for motion estimation. Comput Geosci 128:11–18

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Josserand C, Thoroddsen ST (2016) Drop impact on a solid surface. Annu Rev Fluid Mech 48:365–391

    Article  MathSciNet  Google Scholar 

  • Khavari M, Sun C, Lohse D, Tran T (2015) Fingering patterns during droplet impact on heated surfaces. Soft Matter 11(17):3298–3303

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Khojasteh D, Kazerooni M, Salarian S, Kamali R (2016) Droplet impact on superhydrophobic surfaces: a review of recent developments. J Ind Eng Chem 42:1–14

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Kim J (2007) Spray cooling heat transfer: the state of the art. Int J Heat Fluid Flow 28(4):753–767

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Koch K, Grichnik R (2016) Influence of surface structure and chemistry on water droplet splashing. Philos Trans R Soc A Math Phys Eng Sci 374(2073):20160183

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Latka A, Strandburg-Peshkin A, Driscoll MM, Stevens CS, Nagel SR (2012) Creation of prompt and thin-sheet splashing by varying surface roughness or increasing air pressure. Phys Rev Lett 109(5):054501

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Lin X, Wu Y, Wu C, Yao L, Wu X, Chen L, Cen K (2019) Evolution of volatile cloud in pulverized coal combustion with high-speed digital inline holographic visualization. Fuel 241:199–206

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Liu K, Jiang L (2012) Bio-inspired self-cleaning surfaces. Annu Rev Mater Res 42:231–263

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Liu Y, Andrew M, Li J, Yeomans JM, Wang Z (2015) Symmetry breaking in drop bouncing on curved surfaces. Nat Commun 6(1):1–8

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Longchao Y (2019) Digital holographic method and application to measurement of particle combustion and droplet atomization. Zhejiang University

  • Mundo CHR, Sommerfeld M, Tropea C (1995) Droplet-wall collisions: experimental studies of the deformation and breakup process. Int J Multiph Flow 21(2):151–173

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Potapczuk M (2003) Ice mass measurements: implications for the ice accretion process. In: 41st Aerospace sciences meeting and exhibit. p 387

  • Range K, Feuillebois F (1998) Influence of surface roughness on liquid drop impact. J Colloid Interface Sci 203(1):16–30

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Rioboo R, Tropea C, Marengo M (2001) Outcomes from a drop impact on solid surfaces. Atom Sprays 11(2)

  • Roisman IV, Opfer L, Tropea C, Raessi M, Mostaghimi J, Chandra S (2008) Drop impact onto a dry surface: role of the dynamic contact angle. Colloids Surf A 322(1–3):183–191

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Scheller BL, Bousfield DW (1995) Newtonian drop impact with a solid surface. AIChE J 41(6):1357–1367

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Tang C, Qin M, Weng X, Zhang X, Zhang P, Li J, Huang Z (2017) Dynamics of droplet impact on solid surface with different roughness. Int J Multiph Flow 96:56–69

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Thoroddsen ST, Takehara K, Etoh TG (2012) Micro-splashing by drop impacts. J Fluid Mech 706:560–570

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Vander Wal RL, Berger GM, Mozes SD (2006) The splash/non-splash boundary upon a dry surface and thin fluid film. Exp Fluids 40(1):53–59

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Villermaux E, Bossa B (2011) Drop fragmentation on impact. J Fluid Mech 668:412

    Article  MathSciNet  Google Scholar 

  • Wang YP, Wilkinson GB, Drallmeier JA (2004) Parametric study on the fuel film breakup of a cold start PFI engine. Exp Fluids 37(3):385–398

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Wang MJ, Lin FH, Ong JY, Lin SY (2009) Dynamic behaviors of droplet impact and spreading-Water on glass and paraffin. Colloids Surf A 339(1–3):224–231

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Wischmeier WH, Smith DD (1958) Rainfall energy and its relationship to soil loss. EOS Trans Am Geophys Union 39(2):285–291

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Worthington AM (1877) XXVIII. On the forms assumed by drops of liquids falling vertically on a horizontal plate. Proc R Soc London 25(171–178):261–272

    Google Scholar 

  • Wu Y, Wu X, Yao L, Gréhan G, Cen K (2015) Direct measurement of particle size and 3D velocity of a gas-solid pipe flow with digital holographic particle tracking velocimetry. Appl Opt 54(9):2514–2523

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Wu Y, Wu X, Yao L, Brunel M, Coëtmellec S, Lebrun D, Cen K (2016) 3D boundary line measurement of irregular particle with digital holography. Powder Technol 295:96–103

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Wu X, Lin X, Yao L, Wu Y, Wu C, Chen L, Cen K (2019) Primary fragmentation behavior investigation in pulverized coal combustion with high-speed digital inline holography. Energy Fuels 33(9):8126–8134

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Xu L, Zhang WW, Nagel SR (2005) Drop splashing on a dry smooth surface. Phys Rev Lett 94(18):184505

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Xu L, Barcos L, Nagel SR (2007) Splashing of liquids: interplay of surface roughness with surrounding gas. Phys Rev E 76(6):066311

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Yao L, Wu X, Wu Y, Yang J, Gao X, Chen L, Cen K (2015) Characterization of atomization and breakup of acoustically levitated drops with digital holography. Appl Opt 54(1):A23–A31

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Yarin AL (2006) Drop impact dynamics: splashing, spreading, receding, bouncing. Annu Rev Fluid Mech 38:159–192

    Article  MathSciNet  Google Scholar 

  • Yingchun W, Xuecheng W, Jing Y, Zhihua W, Xiang G, Binwu Z, Kefa C (2014) Wavelet-based depth-of-field extension, accurate autofocusing, and particle pairing for digital inline particle holography. Appl Opt 53(4):556–564

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Zable JL (1977) Splatter during ink jet printing. IBM J Res Dev 21(4):315–320

    Article  Google Scholar 

Download references

Acknowledgements

The authors thank the financial support from National Natural Science Foundation of China (52006193), Natural Science Foundation of Zhejiang Province (LQ19E060010), National Science and Technology Major Project (2017-V-0016-0069), National Key Research and Development Program of China (2020YFA0405700, 2020YFB0606201), and Open Fund of Key Laboratory of Icing and Anti/De-icing (Grant No. IADL2019XXXX).

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. State Key Laboratory of Clean Energy Utilization, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310027, China

    Xiaodan Lin, Yingchun Wu, Longchao Yao, Zhiliang Xue & Xuecheng Wu

  2. School of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, Kingston University London, London, SW15 3DW, UK

    Qiao Wang

Authors
  1. Xiaodan Lin
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  2. Qiao Wang
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  3. Yingchun Wu
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  4. Longchao Yao
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  5. Zhiliang Xue
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  6. Xuecheng Wu
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Yingchun Wu.

Additional information

Publisher's Note

Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.

Supplementary Information

Below is the link to the electronic supplementary material.

Supplementary file 1 (avi 2185 KB)

Supplementary file 2 (avi 944 KB)

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

About this article

Check for updates. Verify currency and authenticity via CrossMark

Cite this article

Lin, X., Wang, Q., Wu, Y. et al. 3D visualization of droplet splash dynamics with high-speed digital holography. Exp Fluids 63, 86 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00348-022-03416-7

Download citation

  • Received:

  • Revised:

  • Accepted:

  • Published:

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s00348-022-03416-7

Search

Navigation