Abstract
Droplet impact on a miscible liquid film finds several applications in scientific and engineering problems. Here, we report that how pre-existing perturbations of a target liquid film, in the form of surface waves, change the impact dynamics and splashing phenomena. For this purpose, we release dyed water droplets and study droplet impact dynamics on a wavy water film, where the waves atop the liquid film are generated by imposing low-frequency two-dimensional (2D) lateral (horizontal) vibrations on glass substrates. Methylene blue-dyed droplet was employed to facilitate the observation of the details of mixing phenomenon given its importance in some applications such as casting homogeneous thin-film coatings. The results are compared with the impact on a quiescent/smooth liquid surface. Splashing is found to be more pronounced for the wavy surface given the additional energy imparted by vibrations and waves. An increase in the crown diameter is also observed for the vibrated wavy liquid film. It is observed that mixing is enhanced significantly in the presence of vibrations and surface waves. The interaction between the pre-existing surface waves and the waves formed after the droplet impact is also studied.
Graphic abstract
Similar content being viewed by others
Abbreviations
- \({D}_{0}\) :
-
Droplet initial diameter
- \({D}_{ic}\) :
-
Crown inner diameter
- f :
-
Vibration frequency
- h :
-
Mean film thickness
- h* :
-
Non-dimensional film thickness = h/D0
- H c :
-
Crown height
- K sp :
-
Splashing threshold
- Oh :
-
Ohnesorge number
- Re :
-
Reynolds number
- t :
-
Time
- U 0 :
-
Droplet velocity at touchdown
- We :
-
Weber number
- σ :
-
Surface tension
- ρ :
-
Density
- μ :
-
Dynamic viscosity
- η :
-
Wave amplitude
- λ :
-
Wavelength
- τ :
-
Non-dimensional time = U0t/D0
- Π c :
-
Non-dimensional crown height = Hc/D0
- Φ ic :
-
Non-dimensional crown diameter = Dic/D0
References
Adebayo IT, Matar OK (2017) Droplet impact on flowing liquid films with inlet forcing: the splashing regime. Soft Matter 13:7473
Alghoul SK, Eastwick CN, Hann DB (2011) Normal droplet impact on horizontal moving films: an investigation of impact behaviour and regimes. Exp Fluids 50:1305
Benjamin TB, Ursell F (1954) The Stability of the plane free surface of a liquid in vertical periodic motion. Proc R Soc Lond Ser 225:505–515
Bestehorn M (2013) Laterally extended thin liquid films with inertia under external vibrations. Phys Fluids 25:114106. https://doi.org/10.1063/1.4830255
Binks D, van de Water W (1997) Non linear pattern formation of faraday waves. Phys Rev Lett 78
Bird JC, Tsai SSH, Stone HA (2009) Inclined to splash: triggering and inhibiting a splash with tangential velocity. New J Phys 11:063017. https://doi.org/10.1088/1367-2630/11/6/063017
Brian D, Eslamian M (2019) Analysis of impact dynamics and deposition of single and multiple PEDOT: PSS solution droplets. Exp Fluids 60:138. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00348-019-2784-4
Brian D, Eslamian M (2020) Design and development of a coating device: multiple-droplet drop-casting (MDDC-Alpha). Rev Sci Instrum 91:033902
Brian D, Ahmadian-Yazdi M-R, Barratt C, Eslamian M (2019) Impact dynamics and deposition of perovskite droplets on PEDOT: PSS and TiO2 coated glass substrates. Exp Thermal Fluid Sci 105:181–190. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.expthermflusci.2019.03.021
Castrejón-Pita JR, Muñoz-Sánchez BN, Hutchings IM, Castrejón-Pita AA (2016) Droplet impact onto moving liquids. J Fluid Mech 809:716–725. https://doi.org/10.1017/jfm.2016.672
Che Z, Deygas A, Matar OK (2015) Impact of droplets on inclined flowing liquid films. Phys Rev E 92:023032. https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevE.92.023032
Chen N, Chen H, Amirfazli A (2017) Drop impact onto a thin film: miscibility effect. Phys Fluids 29:092106. https://doi.org/10.1063/1.5001743
Christian B, Alstrom P, Levinsen MT (1992) Ordered capillary-wave states: quasicrystals, hexagons and radial waves. Phys Rev Lett 68
Cossali GE, Coghe A, Marengo M (1997) The impact of a single drop on a wetted solid surface. Exp Fluids 22:463
Cossali GE, Marengo M, Coghe A, Zhdanov S (2004) The role of time in single drop splash on thin film. Exp Fluids 36:888–900. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00348-003-0772-0
Currie IG (2013) Fundamental mechanics of fluids, 4th edn. CRC Press, Boca Raton
Ding Y, Umbanhowar P (2006) Enhanced Faraday pattern stability with three-frequency driving. Phys Rev E 73
Edwards WS, Fauve S (1993) Parametrically excited quasicrystalline surface waves. Phys Rev E 47
Edwards S, Fauve S (1994) Patterns and quasi-patterns in the Faraday experiment. J Fluid Mech 278:123. https://doi.org/10.1017/s0022112094003642
Ersoy NE, Eslamian M (2019) Capillary surface wave formation and mixing of miscible liquids during droplet impact onto a liquid film. Phys Fluids 31:012107. https://doi.org/10.1063/1.5064640
Ersoy NE, Eslamian M (2020a) Central uprising sheet in simultaneous and near-simultaneous impact of two high kinetic energy droplets onto dry surface and thin liquid film. Phys Fluids 32:012108. https://doi.org/10.1063/1.5135029
Ersoy NE, Eslamian M (2020b) Phenomenological study and comparison of droplet impact dynamics on a dry surface, thin liquid film, liquid film and shallow pool. Exp Thermal Fluid Sci 112:109977. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.expthermflusci.2019.109977
Eslamian M (2014) Spray-on thin film PV solar cells: advances, potentials and challenges. Coatings 4:60
Eslamian M, Soltani-Kordshuli F (2018) Development of multiple-droplet drop-casting method for the fabrication of coatings and thin solid films. J Coat Technol Res 15:271–280. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11998-017-9975-9
Eslamian M, Zabihi F (2015) Ultrasonic substrate vibration-assisted drop casting (SVADC) for the fabrication of photovoltaic solar cell arrays and thin-film devices. Nanoscale Res Lett 10:462. https://doi.org/10.1186/s11671-015-1168-9
Faraday M (1831) On forms and states assumed by fluids in contact with vibrating elastic surfaces. Philos Trans R Soc London 121:319–340
Gao X, Li R (2015) Impact of a single drop on a flowing liquid film. Phys Rev E 92:053005. https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevE.92.053005
Gart S, Mates JE, Megaridis CM, Jung S (2015) Droplet impacting a cantilever: a leaf-raindrop system. Phys Rev Appl 3:044019. https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevApplied.3.044019
Gupta G, Kumar P (2020) Splashing dynamics of a drop impact onto a deep liquid pool with moving film interface. Phys Fluids 32:012102. https://doi.org/10.1063/1.5131637
James AJ, Smith MK, Glezer ARI (2003) Vibration-induced drop atomization and the numerical simulation of low-frequency single-droplet ejection. J Fluid Mech 476:29–62. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022112002002860
Khan T, Eslamian M (2019) Experimental analysis of one-dimensional Faraday waves on a liquid layer subjected to horizontal vibrations. Phys Fluids 31:082106. https://doi.org/10.1063/1.5109218
Khan T, Eslamian M (2020) Experimental study on traveling and standing pattern formation and capillary waves in a pinned liquid film: effects of multi-axis lateral (horizontal) vibrations and substrate geometry. J Fluid Mech. https://doi.org/10.1017/jfm.2020.468
Kostka KL, Radcliffe MD, Von Meerwall E (1992) Diffusion coefficients of methylene blue and thioflavin T dyes in methanol solution. J Phys Chem 96:2289–2292. https://doi.org/10.1021/j100184a049
Li Y, Umemura A (2014) Threshold condition for spray formation by Faraday instability. J Fluid Mech 759:73–103. https://doi.org/10.1017/jfm.2014.569
Miles J, Henderson D (1990) Parametrically forced surface waves. Annu Rev Fluid Mech 22:143–165
Müller HW (1993) Periodic triangular patterns in the Faraday experiment. Phys Rev Lett 71:3287–3290. https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevLett.71.3287
Porter J, Tinao I, Laverón-Simavilla A, Lopez CA (2012) Pattern selection in a horizontally vibrated container. Fluid Dyn Res 44:065501. https://doi.org/10.1088/0169-5983/44/6/065501
Rein M (1993) Phenomena of liquid drop impact on solid and liquid surfaces. Fluid Dyn Res 12:61
Rieber M, Frohn A (1999) A numerical study of the mechanism of splashing. Int J Heat Fluid Flow 20:455
Roisman IV, Tropea C (2002) Impact of a drop onto a wetted wall: description of crown formation and propagation. J Fluid Mech 472:373
Shaikh S, Toyofuku G, Hoang R, Marston JO (2018) Immiscible impact dynamics of droplets onto millimetric films. Exp Fluids 59:7
Shetabivash H, Ommi F, Heidarinejad G (2014) Numerical analysis of droplet impact onto liquid film. Phys Fluids 26:012102. https://doi.org/10.1063/1.4861761
Shklyaev S, Khenner M, Alabuzhev AA (2008) Enhanced stability of a dewetting thin liquid film in a single-frequency vibration field. Phys Rev E Stat Nonlin Soft Matter Phys 77:036320. https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevE.77.036320
Shklyaev S, Alabuzhev AA, Khenner M (2009) Influence of a longitudinal and tilted vibration on stability and dewetting of a liquid film. Phys Rev E 79:051603. https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevE.79.051603
Soltani-Kordshuli F, Eslamian M (2017) Impact dynamics and deposition of pristine and graphene-doped PEDOT:PSS polymeric droplets on stationary and vibrating substrates. Exp Thermal Fluid Sci 89:238–248
Soto D, De Larivière AB, Boutillon X, Clanet C, Quéré D (2014) The force of impacting rain. Soft Matter 10:4929–4934. https://doi.org/10.1039/C4SM00513A
Sykes TC, Castrejón-Pita AA, Castrejón-Pita JR, Harbottle D, Khatir Z, Thompson HM, Wilson MCT (2020) Surface jets and internal mixing during the coalescence of impacting and sessile droplets. Phys Rev Fluids 5:023602. https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevFluids.5.023602
Tropea C, Marengo M (1999) The impact of drops on walls and films. Multiphase Sci Technol 11:19
Vukasinovic B, Smith MK, Glezer ARI (2007) Dynamics of a sessile drop in forced vibration. J Fluid Mech 587:395–423. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022112007007379
Wang JH (1965) Self-diffusion coefficients of water. J Phys Chem 69:4412–4412. https://doi.org/10.1021/j100782a510
Wang Z, Xing Y, Liu X, Zhao L, Ji Y (2016) Computer modeling of droplets impact on heat transfer during spray cooling under vibration environment. Appl Therm Eng 107:453–462. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.applthermaleng.2016.06.176
Weiss DA, Yarin AL (1999) Single drop impact onto liquid films: neck distortion, jetting, tiny bubble entrainment, and crown formation. J Fluid Mech 385:229
Yarin AL, Weiss DA (1995) Impact of drops on solid surfaces: self-similar capillary waves, and splashing as a new type of kinematic discontinuity. J Fluid Mech 283:141–173. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022112095002266
Zabihi F, Eslamian M (2015) Substrate vibration-assisted spray coating (SVASC): significant improvement in nano-structure, uniformity, and conductivity of PEDOT:PSS thin films for organic solar cells. J Coat Technol Res 12:711–719. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11998-015-9682-3
Acknowledgements
Authors acknowledge financial support from the Shanghai Municipal Education Commission via the Oriental Scholar fund and the funding from the National Natural Science Foundation of China (NSFC, Grant No. 51550110229). TK acknowledges the scholarship from the Higher Education Commission (HEC), Pakistan.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Contributions
TK and NEE designed the experiments based on the research direction outlined by ME. TK and NEE performed the experiments. TK analyzed the data, prepared the figures and drafted the manuscript. ME revised the manuscript and improved the interpretation and presentation of the results. ME secured research funding for the project.
Corresponding author
Ethics declarations
Conflict of interest
The authors declare no conflict of interest.
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Khan, T., Ersoy, N.E. & Eslamian, M. Droplet impact on a wavy liquid film under multi-axis lateral vibrations. Exp Fluids 61, 173 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00348-020-03010-9
Received:
Revised:
Accepted:
Published:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s00348-020-03010-9