Skip to main content
Log in

Characterization of CO2 flow in a hypersonic impulse facility using DLAS

  • Research Article
  • Published:
Experiments in Fluids Aims and scope Submit manuscript

Abstract

This work documents diode laser absorption measurements of CO2 flow in the free stream of the Longshot hypersonic impulse facility at Mach numbers ranging from 10 to 12. The diode laser sensor was designed to measure absorption of the P12 (30013) \(\leftarrow\) (00001) transition near 1.6 \(\upmu\)m, which yields relatively weak direct absorption levels (3.5 % per meter at peak Longshot free-stream conditions). Despite this weak absorption, measurements yielded valuable flow property information during the first 20 ms of facility runs. Simultaneous measurements of static temperature, pressure, and velocity were acquired in the inviscid core flow region using a laser wavelength scanning frequency of 600 Hz. The free-stream values obtained from DLAS measurements were then compared to Longshot probe-derived values determined from settling chamber and probe measurements. This comparison enabled an assessment of the traditional method of flow characterization in the facility, which indicated negligible influence from possible vibrational freezing of reservoir gases.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this article

Price excludes VAT (USA)
Tax calculation will be finalised during checkout.

Instant access to the full article PDF.

Fig. 1
Fig. 2
Fig. 3
Fig. 4
Fig. 5
Fig. 6
Fig. 7
Fig. 8
Fig. 9
Fig. 10
Fig. 11
Fig. 12
Fig. 13
Fig. 14

Similar content being viewed by others

References

  • Arroyo MP, Langlois S, Hanson RK (1994) Diode laser absorption technique for simultaneous measurements of multiple gas dynamic parameters in high speed flows containing water vapor. Appl Opt 33(15):3296–3307. doi:10.1364/AO.33.003296

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Backx E (1974) The total temperature in the longshot wind tunnel: its measurement and evaluation. In: Technical Note 98. von Kármán Institute for Fluid Dynamics, Rhode-Saint-Genese, Belgium

  • Charbonnier JM, Paris S, Dieudonn W (1997) Extensions of the operating domain of the VKI longshot tunnel to the use of testing gases with various \(\gamma\) values. In: 87th supersonic tunnel association, Modane, France

  • Danehy PM, Alderfer DW, Inman JA, Berger KT, Buck GM, Schwartz RJ (2008) Fluorescence imaging and streamline visualization of hypersonic flow over rapid prototype Wind-Tunnel Models. Proc IMechE Part G J Aerosp Eng 222(G5):637–651. doi:10.1243/09544100JAERO295

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Fay JA, Riddell FR (1958) Theory of stagnation point heat transfer in dissociated air. J Aeronaut Sci 25(2):73. doi:10.2514/8.7517

    MathSciNet  Google Scholar 

  • Fletcher DG (December 2003) Recommended real gas equation of state for CO2 testing in longshot. In: von Kármán Institute for Fluid Dynamics, MARS-TN-MSRO-019-VKI Contract. Report 2004–20 Dec 2003

  • Gordon S, McBride BJ (1994) Computer program for calculation of complex chemical equilibrium compositions and applications. In: National aeronautics and space administration. Reference Publication NASA RP-1311

  • Grossir G (2015) Longshot hypersonic wind tunnel flow characterization and boundary layer stability investigations, Ph.D. Thesis, von Kármán Institute for Fluid Dynamics, Rhode-Saint-Genese, Belgium

  • Hanson RK, Jeffries JB (2006) Diode laser sensor for ground testing. In: AIAA Paper 2006–3441

  • Inman JA, Bathel BF, Johansen CT, Danehy PM, Jones SB, Gragg JG, Splinter SC (2011) Nitric oxide PLIF measurements in the hypersonic materials environmental test system (HYMETS). In: AIAA Paper 2011–1090

  • Jiang N, Webster M, Lempert WR, Miller JD, Meyer TR, Ivey CB, Danehy PM (2011) MHz-rate nitric oxide planar laser-induced fluorescence imaging in a mach 10 hypersonic wind tunnel. Appl Opt 50(4):A20–A28. doi:10.1364/AO.50.000A20

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Laurent S (2003–2004) Numerical simulation of CO2 in hypersonic wind tunnels and in atmospheric reentry conditions. In: von Kármán Institute for Fluid Dynamics, Student Report 2003–2004

  • McLean AB, Mitchell CEJ, Swanston DM (1994) Implementation of an efficient analytical approximation to the voigt function for photoemission lineshape analysis. J Electron Spectrosc Relat Phenom 69:125–132. doi:10.1016/0368-2048(94)02189-7

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Meyers JM (2009) Tunable diode laser absorption spectorscopy characterization of impulse hypervelocity CO2 Flows, Ph.D. Thesis, von Kàrmàn Institute for Fluid Mechanics/Université Libre de Bruxelles

  • Meyers JM, Paris S, Fletcher DG (2009) Diode laser absorption measurements of free stream hypervelocity CO2 flow at 1.6 \(\mu m\). In: AIAA Paper 2009–4326. doi:10.2514/6.2009-4326

  • Meyers J, Fletcher D (2007) Development of diode laser absorption instrument for free stream measurements in hypervelocity CO2 flows. In: 45th AIAA aerospace sciences meeting and exhibit. doi:10.2514/6.2007-468

  • Meyers JM, Fletcher DG (2011) Diode laser absorption sensor design and qualification for CO2 hypersonic flows. AIAA J Thermophys Heat Transf 25(2):193–200. doi:10.2514/1.49270

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Mohamed AK, Bonnet J, Lefebvre M, Desormeaux A, Millan P, Hoonaert A, Pot T (2003) Development of optical techniques at ONERA for hypersonic reentry. In: 54th international astronautical congress of the international astronautical federation, the International Academy of Astronautics, and the International Institute of Space Law. Bremen, Germany

  • Mohamed A, Rosier B, Henry D, Louvet Y, Varghese PL (1996) Tunable diode laser measurements on nitric oxide in a hypersonic wind tunnel. AIAA J 34(3):494–499. doi:10.2514/3.13095

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Mohamed A, Verant JL, Soutad J, Viguier P, Van Ootegem B, Tran P (2008) Mid-infrared diode laser absorption spectroscopy measurements in CO/CO2 hypersonic flows of F4 and SIMOUN. In: Sixth European symposium on aerothermodynamics for space vehicles, session S22: measurement techniques and instrumentation, Palais des Congrs, Versailles, France

  • O’Byrne S, Danehy PM, Houwing AFP (2006) Investigation of hypersonic nozzle flow uniformity using NO fluorescence. Shock Waves 15(2):81–87. doi:10.1007/s00193-006-0013-6

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • O’Byrne S, Danehy PM, Tedder SA, Cutler AD (2007) Dual-pump coherent anti-stokes Raman scattering measurements in a supersonic combustor. AIAA J 45(4):922–933. doi:10.2514/1.26768

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Parker R, Wakeman T, MacLean M, Holden M (2007) Measuring nitric oxide freestream velocity using quantum cascade lasers at CUBRC. In: AIAA Paper 2007–1329. doi:10.2514/6.2007-1329

  • Predoi-Crossa A, Liua W, Murphya R, Poveya C, Gamachec RR, Laraiac AL, McKellarb ARW, Hurtmansd DR, Malathy Devie V (2010) Measurement and computations for temperature dependences of self-broadened carbon dioxide transitions in the 30012 \(\leftarrow\) 00001 and 30013 \(\leftarrow\) 00001 bands. J Quant Spectrosc Radiat Transf 111:1065–1079. doi:10.1016/j.jqsrt.2010.01.003

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Sagnier Ph, Verant JL, Devezeaux D, Mohamed AK, Masson A (1997) Real gas flow characterization in the ONERA F4 high enthalpy wind tunnel. In: ONERA BP 72, 92322 Chatillon, France. doi:10.1109/ICIASF.1997.644756

  • Simeonides G (November 1990) The VKI hypersonic wind tunnels and associated measurement techniques. In: Technical memorandum 46. von Kármán Institute for Fluid Dynamics, Rhode-Saint-Genese, Belgium

  • Trinks O, Beck WH (1998) Application of a diode-laser absorption technique with the D2 transition of atomic rb for hypersonic flow-field measurements. Appl Opt 37(30):7070–7075. doi:10.1364/AO.37.007070

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Vallon R, Soutad J, Vrant J-L, Meyers J, Paris S, Mohamed A (2010) A compact tunable diode laser absorption spectrometer to monitor CO2 at 2.7 m wavelength in hypersonic flows. Sensors 10(6):6081–6091. doi:10.3390/s100606081

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Walpot L (2008) Longshot Nozzle rebuilding. In: ESA-ESTEC, Private communication

  • Wehe SD, Baer DS, Hanson RK (1998) Measurement of gas temperature and velocity in hypervelocity flows using a diode-laser absorption sensor. In: AIAA Paper 1998–2699. doi:10.2514/6.1998-2699

Download references

Acknowledgments

This work has been supported by the Air Force Office of Scientific Research (Grant FA9550-07-1-0089, Dr. J. Schmisseur, Technical Monitor) and the Centre National d’Etudes Spatiales (MSRO-052, Dr. J.-M. Charbonnier, Technical Monitor).

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

Authors

Corresponding author

Correspondence to J. M. Meyers.

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

About this article

Check for updates. Verify currency and authenticity via CrossMark

Cite this article

Meyers, J.M., Paris, S. & Fletcher, D.G. Characterization of CO2 flow in a hypersonic impulse facility using DLAS. Exp Fluids 57, 25 (2016). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00348-015-2112-6

Download citation

  • Received:

  • Revised:

  • Accepted:

  • Published:

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s00348-015-2112-6

Keywords

Navigation