Abstract
Chemical energy storage systems, e.g., in the form of hydrogen or methanol, have a great potential for the establishment of volatile renewable energy sources due to the large energy density. The efficiency of hydrogen production through water electrolysis is, however, limited by gas bubbles evolving at the electrode’s surface and can be enhanced by an accelerated bubble detachment. In order to characterize the complex multi-phase flow near the electrode, simultaneous measurements of the fluid velocities and the size and trajectories of hydrogen bubbles were performed in a water electrolyzer. The liquid phase velocity was measured by PIV/PTV, while shadowgraphy was used to determine the bubble trajectories. Special measurement and evaluation techniques had to be applied as the measurement uncertainty is strongly affected by the high void fraction close to the wall. In particular, the application of an advanced PTV scheme allowed for more precise fluid velocity measurements closer to electrode. Based on these data, stability characteristics of the near-wall flow were evaluated and compared to that of a wall jet. PTV was used as well to investigate the effect of Lorentz forces on the near-wall fluid velocities. The results show a significantly increased wall parallel liquid phase velocity with increasing Lorentz forces. It is presumed that this enhances the detachment of hydrogen bubbles from the electrode surface and, consequently, decreases the fractional bubble coverage and improves the efficiency. In addition, the effect of large rising bubbles with path oscillations on the near-wall flow was investigated. These bubbles can have a strong impact on the mass transfer near the electrode and thus affect the performance of the process.
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Notes
Here, \(\mathbf {j}\) and \(\mathbf {B}\) denote the current density and the magnetic induction, respectively.
The origin of the coordinate system is located at the bottom of the cathode.
The edge of the bubble curtain is only illustrated for the lowest and highest investigated current density.
The investigation was limited to low current densities as it became increasingly difficult to reliably detect bubble contours at higher current densities.
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Acknowledgments
Financial support from the DFG under the grant number CI 185 ‘Kontrollierte elektrochemische Energieumwandlung durch oberflächennahe Strömungsbeeinflussung’ is gratefully acknowledged.
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Baczyzmalski, D., Weier, T., Kähler, C.J. et al. Near-wall measurements of the bubble- and Lorentz-force-driven convection at gas-evolving electrodes. Exp Fluids 56, 162 (2015). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00348-015-2029-0
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s00348-015-2029-0