Abstract
Microscale particle image velocimetry measurements of ensemble flow fields surrounding a steadily migrating semi-infinite bubble through the novel adaptation of a computer controlled linear motor flow control system. The system was programmed to generate a square wave velocity input in order to produce accurate constant bubble propagation repeatedly and effectively through a fused glass capillary tube. We present a novel technique for re-positioning of the coordinate axis to the bubble tip frame of reference in each instantaneous field through the analysis of the sudden change of standard deviation of centerline velocity profiles across the bubble interface. Ensemble averages were then computed in this bubble tip frame of reference. Combined fluid systems of water/air, glycerol/air, and glycerol/Si-oil were used to investigate flows comparable to computational simulations described in Smith and Gaver III (J Fluid Mech 601:1–23, 2008) and to past experimental observations of interfacial shape. Fluorescent particle images were also analyzed to measure the residual film thickness trailing behind the bubble. The flow fields and film thickness agree very well with the computational simulations as well as existing experimental and analytical results. Particle accumulation and migration associated with the flow patterns near the bubble tip after long experimental durations are discussed as potential sources of error in the experimental method.
Similar content being viewed by others
References
Adrian RJ (1991) Particle-imaging techniques for experimental fluid mechanics. Annu Rev Fluid Mech 23:261–304
Adrian RJ (2005) Twenty years of particle image velocimetry. Exp Fluids 39:159–169
Agostini B, Revelin R, Thome JR (2007) Elongated bubbles in microchannels. Part I: Experimental study and modeling of elongated bubble velocity. Int J Multiph Flow 34:590–601
Bilek AM, Dee KC, Gaver DP III (2003) Mechanisms of surface-tension-induced epithelial cell damage in a model of pulmonary airway reopening. J Appl Physiol 94:770–783
Bretherton FP (1961) The motion of long drops and bubbles in tubes. J Fluid Mech 10:166–188
Cassidy KJ, Halpern D, Ressler BG, Grotberg JB (1999) Surfactant effects in model airway closure experiments. J Appl Physiol 87(1):145–427
Cassidy KJ, Gavriely N, Grotberg JB (2001) Liquid plug flow in straight and bifurcating tubes. J Biomech Eng 123:580–589
Chen JD (1986) Measuring the film thickness surrounding a bubble inside a capillary. J Colloid Interface Sci 109:341–349
Clements JA, Avery ME (1998) Lung surfactant and neonatal respiratory distress syndrome. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 157:S55–S66
Fairbrother F, Stubbs AE (1935) Studies in electro-endosmosis VI. The bubble tube method of measurement. J Chem Soc 1:527–529
Gaver DP III, Samsel RW, Solway J (1990) Effects of surface tension and viscosity on airway reopening. J Appl Physiol 69:74–85
Gaver DP III, Halpern D, JO E, Grotberg JB (1996) The steady motion of a semi-infinite bubble through a flexible-walled channel. J Fluid Mech 319:25–65
Gaver DP III, Jacob AM, Bilek AM, Dee KC (2006) The significance of air–liquid interfacial stresses on low-volume ventilator-induced lung injury in. In: Dreyfuss D, Saumon G, Hubmayr RD (eds) Ventilator-induced lung injury, vol 215. Taylor & Francis Group, New York, pp 157–203
Ghadiali SN, Gaver DP III (2003) The Influence of non-equilibrium surfactant dynamics on the flow of a semi-infinite bubble in a rigid cylindrical capillary tube. J Fluid Mech 478:165–196
Ghadiali SN, Halpern D, Gaver DP III (2001) A dual-reciprocity boundary element method for evaluating bulk convective transport of surfactant in free-surface flows. J Comput Phys 171:534–559
Goldsmith HL, Mason SG (1963) The flow of suspensions through tubes II. Single large bubbles. J Colloid Sci 18:237–261
Gunther A, Jensen KF (2006) Multiphase microfluidics: from flow characteristics to chemical and material synthesis. Lab Chip 6:1487–1503
Halpern D, Gaver DP III (1994) Boundary element analysis of the time-dependent motion of a semi-infinite bubble in a channel. J Comput Phys 115:366–375
Hazel AL, Heil M (2003) Three-dimensional airway reopening: the steady propagation of a semi-infinite bubble into a buckled elastic tube. J Fluid Mech 478:47–70
Hazel AL, Heil M (2006) Finite-Reynolds-number effects in steady, three-dimensional airway reopening. J Biomech Eng 128:573–578
Heil M (2000) Finite Reynolds number effects in the propagation of an air finger into a liquid-filled flexible-walled channel. J Fluid Mech 424:21–44
Hodges SR, Jensen OE, Rallison JM (2004) The motion of a viscous drop through a cylindrical tube. J Fluid Mech 501:279–301
Huh D, Fujioka H, Tung Y-C, Futai N, Paine R III, Grotberg JB (2007) Acoustically detectable cellular-level lung injury induced by fluid mechanical stress in microfluidic airway systems. Proc Natl Acad Sci 104(48):18886–18891
Jacob AM, Gaver DP III (2005) An investigation of the influence of cell topography on epithelial mechanical stresses during pulmonary airway reopening. Phys Fluids 17:031502
Juel A, Heap A (2006) The reopening of a collapsed fluid-filled elastic tube. J Fluid Mech 572:287–310
Kay SS, Bilek AM, Dee KC, Gaver DP III (2004) Pressure gradient, not exposure duration, determines the extent of epithelial cell damage in a model of pulmonary reopening. J Appl Physiol 97:269–276
Meinhart CD, Wereley ST, Santiago JG (1999) PIV measurements of a microchannel flow. Exp Fluids 27:414–419
Meinhart CD, Wereley ST, Santiago JG (2000) A PIV algorithm for estimating time-averaged velocity fields. J Fluid Eng 122:285–289
Mielink MM, Saetran LR (2006) Selective seeding for micro-PIV. Exp Fluids 41:155–159
Muradoglu M, Gunther A, Stone HA (2007) A computational study of axial dispersion in segmented gas–liquid flow. Phys Fluids 19:072109
Natrajan VK, Yamaguchi E, Christensen KC (2007) Statistical and structural similarities between micro- and macroscale wall turbulence. Microfluid Nanofluidics 3:89–100
Nogueira S, Sousa RG, Pinto AMFR, Riethmuller ML, Campos JBLM (2003) Simultaneous PIV and pulsed shadow technique in slug flow: a solution for optical problems. Exp Fluids 35:598–609
Olsen MG, Adrian RJ (2000) Out-of-focus effects on particle image visibility and correlation in microscopic particle image velocimetry. Exp Fluids (Suppl):S166–S174
Park CM, Homsy GW (1984) Two-phase displacement in hele-shaw cells: theory. J Fluid Mech 139:291–308
Perun ML, Gaver DP III (1995a) An experimental model investigation of the opening of a collapsed untethered pulmonary airway. J Biomech Eng 117:245–253
Perun ML, Gaver DP III (1995b) The interaction between airway lining fluid forces and parenchymal tethering during pulmonary airway reopening. J Appl Physiol 75:1717–1728
Ratulowski J, Chang H-C (1990) Marangoni effects of trace impurities on the motion of long gas bubbles in capillaries. J Fluid Mech 210:303–328
Santiago JG, Wereley ST, Meinhart CD, Beebe DJ, Adrian RJ (1998) A particle image velocimetry system for microfluidics. Exp Fluids 25:316–319
Smith BJ, Gaver DP III (2008) The pulsatile propagation of a finger of air within a fluid-occluded cylindrical tube. J Fluid Mech 601:1–23
Soares EJ, Carvalho MS, Souza Mendes PR (2005) Immiscible liquid–liquid displacement in capillary tubes. J Fluid Eng 127:24–31
Stebe KJ, Barthes-Biesel D (1995) Marangoni effects of adsorption–desorption controlled surfactants on the leading edge of an infinitely long bubble in a capillary. J Fluid Mech 286:25–48
Stebe KJ, Maldarelli C (1994) Remobilizing surfactant retarded fluid particle interfaces II. Controlling the surface mobility at interfaces of solutions containing surface active components. J Colloid Interface Sci 163:177–189
Taha T, Cui ZF (2004) Hydrodynamics of slug flow inside capillaries. Chem Eng Sci 59:1181–1190
Thulasidas TC, Abraham MA, Cerro RL (1997) Flow patterns in liquid slugs during bubble-train inside capillaries. Chem Eng Sci 52(17):2947–2962
Yalcin HC, Perry SF, Ghadiali SN (2007) Influence of airway diameter and cell confluence on epithelial cell injury in an in vitro model of airway reopening. J Appl Physiol 103:1796–1807
Yap DYK, Gaver DP III (1998) The influence of surfactant on two-phase flow in a flexible-walled channel under bulk equilibrium conditions. Phys Fluids 10:1846–1863
Yap DYK, Liebkemann WD, Solway J, Gaver DP III (1994) The influence of parenchymal tethering on the reopening of closed pulmonary airways. J Appl Physiol 76:2095–2105
Zoueshtiagh F, Thomas PJ, Thomy V, Merlen A (2008) Micrometric granular ripple patterns in a capillary tube. Phys Rev Lett 100(5):054501
Acknowledgments
This research is supported by NIH R01-HL81266. The authors would like to thank Dr. David Halpern and Anne-Marie Jacob for scientific discussion and advice.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Yamaguchi, E., Smith, B.J. & Gaver, D.P. μ-PIV measurements of the ensemble flow fields surrounding a migrating semi-infinite bubble. Exp Fluids 47, 309–320 (2009). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00348-009-0662-1
Received:
Revised:
Accepted:
Published:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s00348-009-0662-1