Dear Editor,


The COVID-19 pandemic has a huge impact on urological practice. Due to benefit on respiratory infections, Bacillus Calmette–Guerin (BCG) vaccination programs have been proposed to decrease COVID-19 infection severity, and this is due to its stimulatory effect on immunity. Prospective randomized controlled trials are ongoing to reveal this matter [1]. Desouky has discussed in his review the use of BCG in the context of COVID-19 and its potential additional impact on BCG shortage, especially in the urological field [2].

However, recent strong evidence also suggested that receiving the BCG vaccine in the past does not have a protective effect against COVID-19 [3]. Moreover, numerous specific vaccines are emerging for COVID-19 and seem to have promising results. Therefore, the idea of the impact of using BCG vaccination in the context of COVID-19 prevention could become irrational at present.

Nevertheless, another riddling challenge that we are often facing in our clinical practice is overlapping clinical presentation between the infectious complications of BCG intravesical instillation and COVID-19 infection.

From a clinical point of view, moderate fever is a common symptom after BCG intravesical instillation [4]. A more severe fever, higher than 38.5 °C, and lasting more than 72 h is associated with locoregional and systemic disseminated BCG, which represent 1% and 4.3% of BCGitis cases, respectively [4]. Therefore, in systemic disseminated BCG, fever is almost persistent, with sweating, flu-like syndrome with dry cough, and malaise [5]. Pulmonary disease remains the most common presentation of systemic BCGitis [5]. All these clinical findings are common for COVID-19 patients.

Radiologic assessment by chest CT can sometimes be misleading in the differential diagnosis. In BCGitis, it shows typically miliary disease, but around 25% of patients will present with reticulonodular interstitial infiltrates [5]. In COVID-19 patients, the most common radiographic findings are ground glass opacities, consolidations, and/or reticulonodular interstitial infiltrates [6]. Differentiating between these two diseases on chest CT can therefore be challenging.

Moreover, bronchoalveolar lavage in both cases will show alveolar lymphocytic infiltrate with predominant T-CD4 [7]. The low sensitivity (42%) of the mycobacterium tuberculosis complex PCR test done on biopsies or cultures approves the inflammatory response theory [8].

These similar findings are due to comparable pathophysiology of both diseases. In fact, in both cases it is the inflammatory response (hypersensitivity and cytokine storm) that plays the important role rather than the responsible pathogen itself [9, 10]. On the one hand, attributing a COVID-19 case to adverse effects of intravesical BCG therapy holds an important risk of viral dissemination to urologists and patient surroundings, especially that a negative PCR test for COVID-19 does not rule out the diagnosis since it holds a significant number of false-negative results. On the other hand, attributing serious BCGitis to COVID-19 could impede and mislead the diagnosis of BCGitis which could be fatal in a significant number of cases.

We have proposed a new algorithm to manage these overlapping clinical features in patients receiving intravesical BCG instillations (Fig. 1).

Fig.1
figure 1

Diagnostic algorithm of infectious symptoms in patients receiving intravesical BCG instillations in the COVID-19 era

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To conclude, COVID-19 should remain a crucial differential diagnosis in bladder cancer patients treated with intravesical BCG instillations, especially that BCGitis remains a rare complication.