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Endophytic Bacillus spp. Mediated Plant Growth Promotion of Tomato Seedlings and Suppression of Meloidogyne incognita and Fusarium oxysporum Disease Complex

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Abstract

Bacillus volatiles to control fungus and root-knot nematodes are a topic of great interest among researchers due to their safe and environmentally friendly nature. Bacillus megaterium GIUBAM-2020 showed high nematicidal activity against Meloidogyne incognita, with 92% mortality compared with control and antifungal activity against Fusarium oxysporum by producing a 3 cm in vitro mycelial inhibition zone. Pure volatiles produced by Bacillus. megaterium GIUBAM-2020 was identified through gas chromatography and mass spectrometry (GC–MS). Among fourteen volatile organic compounds (VOCs), only one volatile compound, i.e., 2-(Ethyl-imidazol-yl) acetic acid hydrochlorid, showed strong nematicidal and antifungal activity with a mortality rate of 95% at 0.3 ng/mL after 72 h and 100% inhibition zone of fungus at 1.5 µg/mL, respectively. The VOCs-induced severe oxidative stress in nematodes, which caused rapid death. Moreover, in the presence of Bacillus megaterium GIUBAM-2020 the disease index decreased in tomato seedlings as compared to single application of F. oxysporum and M. incognita. Moreover, genes responsible for plant growth promotion SlCKX1, SlIAA1, Sipin6 and Exp18 showed an upsurge in expression, in tomato plants treated with bacterial antagonistic and challenged with the disease complex of Fusarium oxysporum and Meloidogyne incognita. Furthermore, the defence-related genes (PR1, PR5) in infested tomato plants were upregulated after treatment with Bacillus megaterium GIUBAM-2020. These findings suggest Bacillus megaterium GIUBAM-2020 possesses excellent biocontrol potential against Meloidogyne incognita and Fusarium oxysporum, by upregulating the key genes involved in plant growth promotion, and the defense mechanism. Therefore, it is concluded Bacillus megaterium GIUBAM-2020 efficiently controls Meloidogyne incognita and Fusarium oxysporum-infested tomato plants wilt disease complex.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Plant Pathology, University College of Agriculture and Environmental Sciences, The Islamia University of Bahawalpur, Bahawalpur, 63100, Pakistan

    Ambreen Maqsood, Muhammad Naveed Aslam, Huma Khaliq & Muhammad Taimoor Shakeel

  2. Guangxi Key Laboratory of Agric-Environment and Agric-Products Safety, Agricultural College of Guangxi University, Nanning, 530004, Guangxi, China

    Haiyan Wu

  3. Department of Agronomy, Abdul Wali Khan University Mardan, Khyber Pakh-Tunkhwa, 23200, Pakistan

    Shah Fahad

  4. Department of Natural Sciences, Lebanese American University, Byblos, Lebanon

    Shah Fahad

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  1. Ambreen Maqsood
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  2. Muhammad Naveed Aslam
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  3. Huma Khaliq
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  4. Muhammad Taimoor Shakeel
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  5. Haiyan Wu
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Contributions

Formal analysis, AM; Funding acquisition, MNA; Methodology, HK; Software, MTS; Supervision, AM; Writing—original draft AM; Writing—review and editing, SF, HW. All authors have read and agreed to the published version of the manuscript.

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Correspondence to Ambreen Maqsood or Shah Fahad.

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Maqsood, A., Aslam, M.N., Khaliq, H. et al. Endophytic Bacillus spp. Mediated Plant Growth Promotion of Tomato Seedlings and Suppression of Meloidogyne incognita and Fusarium oxysporum Disease Complex. J Plant Growth Regul (2024). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00344-024-11279-x

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