Abstract
Nodulation in legumes is regulated to maintain carbon–nitrogen homeostasis. A systemic negative feedback pathway, Autoregulation of Nodulation (AON) controls nodule number by suppressing further nodulation as early as 48–72 h post inoculation. In order to identify new genes involved in AON, a screen for suppressors of sunn-1, a Medicago truncatula AON mutant with a hypernodulation phenotype, was performed and identified a gene not previously associated with signaling in the legume-rhizobia symbiosis. We discovered that sunn-1 plants carrying the mutation suppressor of sunn-1 (sos1) displayed wild-type nodule numbers. At 3 days post inoculation (dpi), sos1 sunn-1 plants make many nodulation foci and infection threads but lack the emerging nodules observed in wild-type and sunn-1 mutants. At 10 dpi, in contrast to sunn-1, no significance in nodule number was observed between wildtype and the sos1 sunn-1plants. Using grafting, we showed that sos1 suppression of the sunn-1 nodule phenotype is dependent on the genotype of the root. The lesion a C to T transition resulting in an R to H a change mapped to Mediator 16A (MED16A) and expression of this gene in composite hairy roots led to recovery of hypernodulation in sos1 sunn-1plants. Induction of expression of the MtNIN transcription factor involved in regulating nodulation is reduced in sos1 sunn-1compared to sunn-1. Furthermore, sos1 plants display fewer nodules than wild-type but higher arbuscular density when colonized by an arbuscular mycorrhizal fungus, and shorter roots in the absence of rhizobia. Collectively, our findings show that effects of mutation of Mediator 16A are not specific for symbiosis but involve multiple root response pathways, making the sos1 mutant an important tool for dissection of regulons controlling rhizobial and mycorrhizal responses, root growth and possibly other response pathways.
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This work was funded by the National Science Foundation (USA) Integrative Organismal Systems proposals # 1733470 and 1444461 to JF and USDA-NIFA 2022−67013−36881 to LMM. We acknowledge CyVerse (URL: www.cyverse.org) supported by the National Science Foundation under Award Numbers DBI-0735191, DBI-1265383, and DBI-1743442 for providing genomic sequence data storage and analysis platform. We thank Dr. Rooksana Noorai at Clemson University Genomics and Bioinformatics Facility for providing insightful suggestions on genomic data analysis. The facility is supported by Grant P20GM109094 an Institutional Development Award (IDeA) from the National Institute of General Medical Sciences of the National Institutes of Health.
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DC, ES, AC and JF contributed to the study conception and design. Material preparation, data collection and analysis were performed by DC, ES, AC, SB, LM, and JF. The first draft of the manuscript was written by DC as part of a PhD dissertation, revised by JF and all authors commented on and contributed to versions of the manuscript. All authors read and approved the final manuscript.
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This work was funded by NSF IOS 1733470 and 1444461 to Frugoli and USDA-NIFA 2022 − 67013 − 36881 to Müller. The authors have no relevant financial or non-financial interests to disclose.
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Supplementary file3 (PPTX 709 kb)—Fig. 3 SNP index plots for the 8 chromosomes of M. truncatula in the sos1 sunn-1mutant identify a region of interest on Chromosome 4
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Chaulagain, D., Schnabel, E., Crook, A. et al. A Mutation in Mediator Subunit MED16A Suppresses Nodulation and Increases Arbuscule Density in Medicago truncatula. J Plant Growth Regul 42, 7004–7022 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00344-023-10993-2
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s00344-023-10993-2