Abstract
Drought is the main challenge in modern agriculture. The development and utilization of genotypes with a protective mechanism against drought may be crucial for mitigating the impacts on pigeonpea metabolism resulting from water deficit. This study aimed to determine if leaf characteristics and antioxidant enzymes have protective roles and possible benefits to growth by comparing the physiological, anatomical, biochemical and morphological responses of two different pigeonpea genotypes under water deficit. The experiment was randomized with four treatments, two genotypes (FL and I43, sensitive and tolerant to drought, respectively) and water conditions (control and water deficit). Water deficit was induced by suspension of irrigation for six days. Water deficit promoted negative interferences in both genotypes, but I43 genotype had a protective mechanism, reducing drought impacts. Leaf inclination (LI), elevations of 337% and 373%, was detected in the FL and I43 genotypes, respectively. Stomatal characteristics, FL and I43 genotypes, had reductions of 22% and 10%, respectively, in stomatal density (SD) on the abaxial face in comparison with the control. However, for stomatal functionality (SF) on the abaxial face, the FL and I43 genotypes had contrasting behaviours with a decrease and an increase of 7% and 3%, respectively, compared to the control. Antioxidant enzymes, FL and I43 genotypes, had increased superoxide dismutase (SOD) activities of 71% and 154%, respectively. For catalase (CAT), the water deficit resulted in increases of 55% and 415% for the genotypes, respectively. The tolerant genotype (I43) increased LI (paraheliotropism), minimizing the incidence of solar radiation in the leaves and water losses by transpiration. Fewer negative effects on stomatal characteristics (SD and SF) and the consequent maintenance of gas exchange (net photosynthetic rate and transpiration rate) guaranteed the influx of carbon dioxide in the leaf and mitigated the effects of water deficit on I43. In addition, the tolerant genotype (I43) had lower oxidative stress during the water deficit resulting from the greatly increased activities of antioxidant enzymes (SOD, CAT and APX). Our results clearly revealed that biochemical, physiological and anatomical modifications are intrinsically connected with a protective mechanism, mitigating the impacts caused by water limitation on growth of pigeonpea plants.
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Data Availability
Data are available upon request to the corresponding author.
Abbreviations
- APX:
-
Ascorbate peroxidase
- CAR:
-
Carotenoids
- CAT:
-
Catalase
- Chl a :
-
Chlorophyll a
- Chl b :
-
Chlorophyll b
- C i :
-
Intercellular CO2 concentration
- CO2 :
-
Carbon dioxide
- E :
-
Transpiration rate
- EDS:
-
Equatorial diameter of the stomata
- EL:
-
Electrolyte leakage
- ETR:
-
Electron transport rate
- ETR/P N :
-
Ratio between the apparent electron transport rate and net photosynthetic rate
- EXC:
-
Relative energy excess at the PSII level
- F0 :
-
Minimal fluorescence yield of the dark-adapted state
- FL:
-
Fava larga
- F m :
-
Maximal fluorescence yield of the dark-adapted state
- F v :
-
Variable fluorescence
- F v/F m :
-
Maximal quantum yield of PSII photochemistry
- g s :
-
Stomatal conductance
- GTD:
-
Glandular trichome density
- GTS:
-
Glandular trichome size
- H2O:
-
Water
- H2O2 :
-
Hydrogen peroxide
- I43:
-
IAPAR 43
- LDM:
-
Leaf dry matter
- LI:
-
Leaf inclination
- MDA:
-
Malondialdehyde
- NPQ:
-
Nonphotochemical quenching
- O2 − :
-
Superoxide
- PDS:
-
Polar diameter of the stomata
- P N :
-
Net photosynthetic rate
- P N/C i :
-
Instantaneous carboxylation efficiency
- PSII:
-
Photosystem II
- q P :
-
Photochemical quenching
- ROS:
-
Reactive oxygen species
- RuBisCO:
-
Ribulose-1,5-bisphosphate carboxylase/oxygenase
- SD:
-
Stomatal density
- SF:
-
Stomatal functionality
- SI:
-
Stomatal index
- SOD:
-
Superoxide dismutase
- STM:
-
Stem dry matter
- TDM:
-
Total dry matter
- Total Chl:
-
Total chlorophyll
- TTD:
-
Tector trichome density
- TTS:
-
Tector trichome size
- WUE:
-
Water-use efficiency
- Φ PSII :
-
Effective quantum yield of PSII photochemistry
- Ψ w :
-
Leaf water potential
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Acknowledgements
This research had financial support from Fundação Amazônia de Amparo a Estudos e Pesquisas (FAPESPA/Brazil), Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico (CNPq/Brazil), Programa de Pós-Graduação em Agronomia (PGAGRO/UFRA) and Universidade Federal Rural da Amazônia (UFRA/Brazil) to AKSL. SMSL was supported with a scholarship from Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico (CNPq/Brazil).
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AKSL and WOM were advisors of this project, planning all phases of this research. SMSL and LRS conducted the experiment in the greenhouse and performed physiological, biochemical and morphological determinations, while BRSS measured anatomical parameters and WOM helped in drafting the manuscript and in interpreting the results.
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Lobato, S.M.d.S., dos Santos, L.R., da Silva, B.R.S. et al. Protective Mechanism Triggered by Pigeonpea Plants Exposed to Water Deficit: Modifications Linked to Paraheliotropism, Stomatal Characteristics and Antioxidant Enzymes. J Plant Growth Regul 40, 20–36 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00344-020-10077-5
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s00344-020-10077-5