Skip to main content
SpringerLink
Log in

Multimodality: phantom imaging for superparamagnetic graphene composites using green technology for theranostic nanosystems

  • Published:
Applied Physics A Aims and scope Submit manuscript

Abstract

In this research work, the superparamagnetic graphene composites were produced by two parallel co-precipitation processes using the leaf extracts of Melia dubia and Prosopis juliflora. We also replaced the commercial graphite with the low-cost raw bio source, Pennisetum glaucum panicle waste for graphene oxide production. Magnetic nanoparticle with graphene oxide enhances the surface area with functionalization, high loading capacity, and good conductivity. The stability, colloidal dispersivity, particle size range, composition ratio of iron oxide to graphene oxide, and superparamagnetism were characterized by UV–visible spectrophotometer, powder X-ray diffraction (PXRD), Fourier transformation infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR), field emission scanning electron microscopy (FESEM), energy dispersion X-ray (EDX and vibrating sample magnetometer (VSM), etc. Our composite reported better biocompatibility and cytotoxicity with less than 5% hemolysis of RBCs and up to 1 µg concentration as a safer dosage from the MTT assay. Additionally, biofilm inhibition, antioxidant, and biocompatibility activities were confirmed for statistical significance with a p value (< 0.05) by two-way ANOVA balanced design method and the composite yield parameters were optimized by response surface method using central composite design. These unique properties enabled our sample to attenuate X-ray–CT imaging and MRI phantom imaging with better contrast, almost equivalent to the commercial agents. Thus, our results provide a new avenue for multimodality contrast applications and upon loading with suitable drug it may open up a new path for potential theranostic applications.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this article

Log in via an institution

Price excludes VAT (USA)
Tax calculation will be finalised during checkout.

Instant access to the full article PDF.

Institutional subscriptions

Fig. 1
Fig. 2
Fig. 3
Fig. 4
Fig. 5
Fig. 6
Fig. 7
Fig. 8
Fig. 9
Fig. 10
Fig. 11
Fig.  12

Similar content being viewed by others

Data availability

The datasets generated during and/or analyzed during the current study are available from the corresponding author upon reasonable request.

References

  1. Z. Qiao, X. Shi, Dendrimer-based molecular imaging contrast agents. Prog. Polym. Sci. 44, 1–27 (2015)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  2. T. Kamakshi, G.S. Sundari, H. Erothu et al., Synthesis and characterization of graphene based iron oxide (Fe3O4) nanocomposites. Rasayan J. Chem. 11(3), 1113–1119 (2018)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  3. P.L. Hariani, M. Faizal, R. Ridwan et al., Synthesis and properties of Fe3O4 nanoparticles by co-precipitation method to removal procion dye. Int. J. Environ. Sci Develop. 4(3), 336–340 (2013)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  4. Y. Yuan, Z. Ding, J. Qian et al., Casp3/7-instructed intracellular aggregation of Fe3O4 nanoparticles enhances T2 MR imaging of tumor apoptosis. Nano Lett. 16(4), 2686–2691 (2016)

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  5. Z. Ding, H. Sun, S. Ge et al., Furin-controlled Fe3O4 nanoparticle aggregation and 19F signal “Turn-On” for precise MR imaging of tumors. Adv. Func. Mater. 29(43), 1903860 (2019)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  6. T.N. Narayanan, B.K. Gupta, S.A. Vithayathil et al., Hybrid 2D nanomaterials as dual-mode contrast agents in cellular imaging. Adv. Mater. 24(22), 2992–2998 (2012)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  7. A.B. Seabra, P. Haddad, N. Duran, Biogenic synthesis of nanostructured iron compounds: applications and perspectives. IET Nanobiotechnol. 7(3), 90–99 (2013)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  8. M. Doble, K. Rollins, A. Kumar, Green chemistry and engineering. Academic Press (2010).

  9. Y. Wu, Y. Sun, X. Zhu et al., Lanthanide-based nanocrystals as dual-modal probes for SPECT and X-ray CT imaging. Biomaterials 35(16), 4699–4705 (2014)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  10. R. Smith-Bindman, J. Lipson, R. Marcus et al., Radiation dose associated with common computed tomography examinations and the associated lifetime attributable risk of cancer. Arch. Intern. Med. 169(22), 2078–2086 (2009)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  11. A.B. De González, M. Mahesh, K.P. Kim et al., Projected cancer risks from computed tomographic scans performed in the United States in 2007. Arch. Intern. Med. 169(22), 2071–2077 (2009)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  12. S. Badrigilan, B. Shaabani, N. Gharehaghaji et al., Iron oxide/bismuth oxide nanocomposites coated by graphene quantum dots:“Three-in-one” theranostic agents for simultaneous CT/MR imaging-guided in vitro photothermal therapy. Photodiagn. Photodyn. Ther. 25, 504–514 (2019)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  13. T. Somanathan, K. Prasad, K.K. Ostrikov et al., Graphene oxide synthesis from agro waste. Nanomaterials 5(2), 826–834 (2015)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  14. A. Konwar, S. Kalita, J. Kotoky et al., Chitosan–iron oxide coated graphene oxide nanocomposite hydrogel: a robust and soft antimicrobial biofilm. ACS Appl. Mater. Interfaces. 8(32), 20625–20634 (2016)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  15. A. Vinitha, Phytochemical and Pharmacological Evaluation of Pedalium Murex Linn Leaves (Doctoral dissertation, JKK Nattraja College of Pharmacy, Komarapalayam) (2017).

  16. M.M. Wai, C.S. Khe, X.H. Yau et al., Optimization and characterization of magnetite–reduced graphene oxide nanocomposites for demulsification of crude oil in water emulsion. RSC Adv. 9(41), 24003–24014 (2019)

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  17. F. Lin, C. Li, Z. Chen, Bacteria-derived carbon dots inhibit biofilm formation of Escherichia coli without affecting cell growth. Front. Microbiol. 9, 259 (2018)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  18. M. Myekhlai, T. Lee, S. Lee et al., Synthesis and characterization of the graphene-Fe3O4 hybrid composite. J. Nanosci. Nanotechnol. 15(3), 2047–2051 (2015)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  19. S.T. Navale, G.D. Khuspe, M.A. Chougule et al., Synthesis and characterization of hybrid nanocomposites of polypyrrole filled with iron oxide nanoparticles. J. Phys. Chem. Solids 75(2), 236–243 (2014)

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  20. P. Mallick, B.N. Dash, X-ray diffraction and UV-visible characterizations of α-Fe2O3 nanoparticles annealed at different temperature. Nanosci. Nanotechnol. 3(5), 130–134 (2013)

    Google Scholar 

  21. E.L. Albert, C.A. Abdullah, Y. Shiroshaki, Synthesis and characterization of graphene oxide functionalized with magnetic nanoparticle via simple emulsion method. Results in Physics. 11, 944–950 (2018)

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  22. E. Aliyari, M. Alvand, F. Shemirani, Modified surface-active ionic liquid-coated magnetic graphene oxide as a new magnetic solid phase extraction sorbent for preconcentration of trace nickel. RSC Adv. 6(69), 64193–64202 (2016)

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  23. M. Aliabadi, H. Shagholani, Synthesis of a novel biocompatible nanocomposite of graphene oxide and magnetic nanoparticles for drug delivery. Int. J. Biol. Macromol. 98, 287–291 (2017)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  24. P. Zong, S. Wang, Y. Zhao et al., Synthesis and application of magnetic graphene/iron oxides composite for the removal of U (VI) from aqueous solutions. Chem. Eng. J. 220, 45–52 (2013)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  25. P.L. Lee, Y.K. Chiu, Y.C. Sun et al., Synthesis of a hybrid material consisting of magnetic iron-oxide nanoparticles and carbon nanotubes as a gas adsorbent. Carbon 48(5), 1397–1404 (2010)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  26. H. Gupta, P. Paul, N. Kumar et al., One pot synthesis of water-dispersible dehydroascorbic acid coated Fe3O4 nanoparticles under atmospheric air: blood cell compatibility and enhanced magnetic resonance imaging. J. Colloid Interface Sci. 430, 221–228 (2014)

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  27. J. Yan, S. Mo, J. Nie et al., Hydrothermal synthesis of monodisperse Fe3O4 nanoparticles based on modulation of tartaric acid. Colloids Surf., A 340(1–3), 109–114 (2009)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  28. L. Feng, M. Cao, X. Ma et al., Superparamagnetic high-surface-area Fe3O4 nanoparticles as adsorbents for arsenic removal. J. Hazard. Mater. 217, 439–446 (2012)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  29. V. Sepelak, D. Baabe, D. Mienert et al., Enhanced magnetisation in nanocrystalline high-energy milled MgFe2O4. Scripta Mater. 48(7), 961–966 (2003)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  30. M.M. Song, H.L. Xu, J.X. Liang et al., Lactoferrin modified graphene oxide iron oxide nanocomposite for glioma-targeted drug delivery. Mater. Sci. Eng. 77, 904–911 (2017)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  31. L. Kopanja, S. Kralj, D. Zunic et al., Core–shell superparamagnetic iron oxide nanoparticle (SPION) clusters: TEM micrograph analysis, particle design and shape analysis. Ceram. Int. 42(9), 10976–10984 (2016)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  32. X. Liu, Q. Zhou, T.L. Maxwell et al., Scandate cathode surface characterization: Emission testing, elemental analysis and morphological evaluation. Mater. Charact. 148, 188–200 (2019)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  33. Z. Ma, Y. Guan, H. Liu, Synthesis and characterization of micron-sized monodisperse superparamagnetic polymer particles with amino groups. J. Polym. Sci., Part A: Polym. Chem. 43(15), 3433–3439 (2005)

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  34. P. Gorria, M. Sevilla, J.A. Blanco et al., Synthesis of magnetically separable adsorbents through the incorporation of protected nickel nanoparticles in an activated carbon. Carbon 44(10), 1954–1957 (2006)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  35. S. Chong, G. Zhang, H. Tian et al., Rapid degradation of dyes in water by magnetic Fe0/Fe3O4/graphene composites. J. Environ. Sci. 44, 148–157 (2012)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  36. B. Konkena, S. Vasudevan, Understanding aqueous dispersibility of graphene oxide and reduced graphene oxide through p K a measurements. The journal of physical chemistry letters. 3(7), 867–872 (2012)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  37. S. Bhattacharjee, DLS and zeta potential–what they are and what they are not? J. Control. Release 235, 337–351 (2016)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  38. B. Ankamwar, T.C. Lai, J.H. Huang et al., Biocompatibility of Fe3O4 nanoparticles evaluated by in vitro cytotoxicity assays using normal, glia and breast cancer cells. Nanotechnology 21(7), 075102 (2010)

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  39. T. Osaka, T. Nakanishi, S. Shanmugam et al., Effect of surface charge of magnetite nanoparticles on their internalization into breast cancer and umbilical vein endothelial cells. Colloids Surf. B 71(2), 325–330 (2009)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  40. X. Zhao, Y. Shi, T. Wang et al., Preparation of silica-magnetite nanoparticle mixed hemimicelle sorbents for extraction of several typical phenolic compounds from environmental water samples. J. Chromatogr. A 1188(2), 140–147 (2008)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  41. G. Cheng, Y.L. Liu, Z.G. Wang et al., The GO/rGO–Fe 3 O 4 composites with good water-dispersibility and fast magnetic response for effective immobilization and enrichment of biomolecules. J. Mater. Chem. 22(41), 21998–22004 (2012)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  42. G. Cheng, X. Yu, M.D. Zhou et al., Preparation of magnetic graphene composites with hierarchical structure for selective capture of phosphopeptides. Journal of Materials Chemistry B. 2(29), 4711–4719 (2014)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  43. B. Zhang, Y. Li, T. Wu et al., Magnetic iron oxide/graphene oxide nanocomposites: Formation and interaction mechanism for efficient removal of methylene blue and p-tert-butylphenol from aqueous solution. Mater. Chem. Phys. 205, 240–252 (2018)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  44. S. Paulose, R. Raghavan, B.K. George, Graphite oxide–iron oxide nanocomposites as a new class of catalyst for the thermal decomposition of ammonium perchlorate. RSC Adv. 6(51), 45977–45985 (2016)

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  45. A.I. Sherlala, A.A. Raman, M.M. Bello et al., Adsorption of arsenic using chitosan magnetic graphene oxide nanocomposite. J. Environ. Manage. 246, 547–556 (2019)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  46. G. Chaudhary, N. utan Kaushik, Bio-prospecting of Pedalium murex L. Extract for Antifungal Activity.

  47. W. Hu, C. Peng, W. Luo et al., Graphene-based antibacterial paper. ACS nano. 4(7), 4317–4323 (2010)

    Google Scholar 

  48. Y. Tu, M. Lv, P. Xiu et al., Destructive extraction of phospholipids from Escherichia coli membranes by graphene nanosheets. Nat. Nanotechnol. 8(8), 594–601 (2013)

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  49. Y. Qiu, Z. Wang, A.C. Owens et al., Antioxidant chemistry of graphene-based materials and its role in oxidation protection technology. Nanoscale 6(20), 11744–11755 (2014)

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  50. S. Kalita, B. Devi, R. Kandimalla et al., Chloramphenicol encapsulated in poly-ε-caprolactone–pluronic composite: nanoparticles for treatment of MRSA-infected burn wounds. Int. J. Nanomed. 10, 2971 (2015)

    Google Scholar 

  51. S. Sivalingam, A. Kunhilintakath, P. Nagamony et al., Fabrication, toxicity and biocompatibility of Sesamum indicum infused graphene oxide nanofiber-a novel green composite method. Appl. Nanosci. 11(2), 679–686 (2021)

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

Download references

Acknowledgements

The authors would like to thank CSIR-Central Leather Research Institute, Adyar, Chennai, and Indian Institute of Technology–Madras, Chennai, for supporting the characterisation analysis performed in this study. Our sincere Thanks to Dr. P. Suresh, Assistant Professor, St. Joseph’s college of Engineering and Mr. A. Nagendran, Eswari Diagnostic Centre, Chennai, for their continuous support in interpreting the characterisation results.

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Assistant Professor, Department of Biotechnology, St. Joseph’s College of Engineering, OMR, Chennai, 600119, India

    K. R. Preethy & M. Chamundeeswari

  2. Senior Scientist, Department of Biochemistry and Biotechnology, CSIR-Central Leather Research Institute (CLRI), Chennai, 600020, India

    Ponesakki Ganesan

  3. Associate Professor, Department of Biotechnology, St. Joseph’s College of Engineering, OMR, Chennai, 600119, India

    M. Chamundeeswari

Authors
  1. K. R. Preethy
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  2. Ponesakki Ganesan
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  3. M. Chamundeeswari
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Corresponding author

Correspondence to M. Chamundeeswari.

Ethics declarations

Funding sources

This research paper did not receive any specific grant from funding agencies in the public, commercial, or not-for-profit sectors.

Compliance with ethical standards

All the authors state that there is no conflict of interest.

Additional information

Publisher's Note

Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.

Supplementary Information

Below is the link to the electronic supplementary material.

Supplementary file1 (DOCX 399 KB)

Rights and permissions

Springer Nature or its licensor (e.g. a society or other partner) holds exclusive rights to this article under a publishing agreement with the author(s) or other rightsholder(s); author self-archiving of the accepted manuscript version of this article is solely governed by the terms of such publishing agreement and applicable law.

Reprints and permissions

About this article

Check for updates. Verify currency and authenticity via CrossMark

Cite this article

Preethy, K.R., Ganesan, P. & Chamundeeswari, M. Multimodality: phantom imaging for superparamagnetic graphene composites using green technology for theranostic nanosystems. Appl. Phys. A 129, 73 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00339-022-06327-w

Download citation

  • Received:

  • Accepted:

  • Published:

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s00339-022-06327-w

Keywords

Search

Navigation