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Recent developments in recalcitrant organic pollutants degradation using immobilized photocatalysts

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Abstract

Immobilization or coating of photocatalysts on supporting media can open a new avenue for industrial application of photocatalysis in wastewater treatment. Herein, we present a critical review of the recent advances in loading photocatalysts on different materials to degrade such bio-recalcitrant organics as pharmaceuticals, pesticides, surfactants, and dyes, which helps in the sustainable use of polluted water after treatment. Many of the recently developed photocatalysts have proven high stability for long periods under illumination. Consequently, employing the catalysts in retained forms provided a viable solution for reuse. Supports may be movable; these include zeolites, polymers, quartz sand, 3-D graphene or fixed, such as glass plates, aluminum plates, and stainless steel plates. Photocatalytic reactors could be an ideal solution for continuous operating treatment, especially in a large-scale operation. In this review, the use of suspended and immobilized systems are compared in the degradation of bio-recalcitrant organic pollutants. Despite the limited research used in the immobilized systems, this proved very successful. This technique has overcome many of the other suspended systems’ problems, affording economical solutions such as the possibility of repeated reuse of the catalyst, reduced risk of the catalyst escaping with treated water, and the possibility of application on an industrial scale.

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Abbreviations

ROPs:

Recalcitrant organic pollutants

WWTPs:

Wastewater treatment plants

AOPs:

Advanced oxidation processes

NPs:

Nanoparticles

PCO:

Photocatalytic oxidation

CB:

Conduction band

NSAIDs:

Non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs

AEDs:

Antiepileptic drugs

b-blockers:

Beta-blockers

MCP:

Monocrotophos

AP:

Antipyrine

MMT:

Montmorillonite

DCF:

Diclofenac

Goe:

Goethite

Mf:

Maleate ferroxane

PAN:

Polyacrylonitrile

MET:

Metronidazole

MWCNTs:

Multi-wall carbon nanotubes

SMX:

Sulfamethoxazole

PFOSAs:

Perfluorosulfonamides

PFSAs:

Perfluorosulfonates

PFOS:

Perfluorooctane sulfonate

PFCAs:

Perfluorocarboxylic acids

PFOA:

Perfluorooctanoic acid

BPA:

Bisphenol A (2,2-bis(4-hydroxyphenyl) propane)

PVDF:

Polyvinylidene fluoride

CDT:

Carbon-doped TiO2

GAC:

Granular activated carbon

WPC:

White Portland cement

MB:

Methylene blue

MG:

Malachite green oxalate

MO:

Methyl orange

DMP:

Dimethylphenol

AC:

Activated carbon

OMC:

Mesoporous Carbon

SMFs:

Sintered Metal Fibers

TCE:

Trichloroethene

TSA:

Tungstosilicic acid

CIP:

Ciprofloxacin

CEX:

Cephalexin

PhACs:

Pharmaceuticals

3D GBMs:

Three-dimensional graphene-based materials

CVD:

Chemical vapor deposition

SM:

Steel mesh

SEM:

Scanning electron microscope

XRD:

X-ray diffraction

UV–Vis:

Ultraviolet-visible spectroscopy

MZTC:

Modified zeolite/TiO2 composite

RGOT:

Reduced graphene oxide/TiO2

HS:

Humic substances

DCP:

Dichlorophenol

MOCVD:

Metal-Organic Chemical Vapor Deposition

IMI:

Imidacloprid

GFC:

Glass fiber cloth

TEOA:

Triethanolamine

ISO:

Isopropanol

AO:

Ammonium oxalate

BQ:

Benzoquinone

EDTA:

Edetic acid

EDTA-2Na:

Edetate disodium

KI:

Potassium iodide

COS:

Carbon oxidation state

AOS:

Average oxidation state; SMZ, Sulfamethazine

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Acknowledgements

The second author would like to acknowledge the assistance provided by the Science and Technology Development Fund (STDF) for funding the project, No. 41902 (Center of Excellence in Membrane-based Water Desalination Technology for Testing and Characterization".

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Civil Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Port Said University, Port Said, 42526, Egypt

    Kareem Fouad & Mamdouh Y. Saleh

  2. Department of Civil Engineering, Higher Institute of Engineering and Technology, New Damietta, 34517, Egypt

    Kareem Fouad

  3. Department of Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Port Said University, Port Said, 42526, Egypt

    Mohamed Bassyouni

  4. Materials Science Program, University of Science and Technology, Zewail City of Science and Technology, October Gardens, 6th of October, Giza, 12578, Egypt

    Mohamed Bassyouni

  5. Department of Chemical Engineering, Polytechnique Montréal, Montréal, Succ. CV, C.P. 6079H3C 3A7, Canada

    Mohamed Gar Alalm

  6. Department of Public Works Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Mansoura University, Mansoura, 35516, Egypt

    Mohamed Gar Alalm

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  1. Kareem Fouad
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Fouad, K., Bassyouni, M., Alalm, M.G. et al. Recent developments in recalcitrant organic pollutants degradation using immobilized photocatalysts. Appl. Phys. A 127, 612 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00339-021-04724-1

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