Cation distribution and enhanced surface effects on the temperature-dependent magnetization of as-prepared NiFe₂O₄ nanoparticles

Abstract

Nickel ferrite, i.e., NiFe₂O₄, nanoparticles are synthesized by sol–gel method using urea as a neutralizing agent. The formation of spinel phase and crystal structure of the as-prepared sample is analyzed by X-ray diffraction and transmission electron microscope. In order to confirm phase formation and cation arrangement, room temperature ⁵⁷Fe Mössbauer spectroscopy is employed. The degree of inversion (i) estimated from the relative peak area is found to be 0.6, which confirms a mixed spinel structure of the as-prepared sample. Zero-field-cooled/field-cooled measurements showed evidence of superparamagnetic behavior associated with the nanosized particles. Hysteresis loop measurements revealed temperature-dependent magnetic properties: The coercive field (H _C) decreases with increasing temperature and deviates from the Kneller’s law for ferromagnetic nanostructures; and the saturation magnetization (M _s) follows modified Bloch’s law in the temperature range between 25 and 400 K. However, below 25 K, an abrupt increase in magnetization of nanoparticles is observed. In order to understand this behavior, an additional contribution has to be added to the core magnetization to properly fit the data. Hence, a surface correction term to the Bloch’s law is found to describe the temperature dependence of magnetization in the core–shell NiFe₂O₄ nanoparticles.