Abstract
Pure titanium was irradiated by pulsed Nd:YAG laser irradiation in nitrogen atmosphere. As a result, nitrogen uptake and diffusion occurred and a TiN layer was synthesized at the titanium surface. These TiN coatings were analyzed by X-ray diffraction and the diffraction patterns were investigated in detail, in order to obtain more information about the physical processes during the coating formation. The diffraction peaks were fitted by Pearson VII profiles and the grain size and the microstrain were determined by the analysis of line broadening and peak shifts, using the Williamson–Hall and the Warren–Averbach formalisms. Additional single-line analyses were performed by means of the method of Langford and Keijser to obtain information about the preferred grain orientation and the texture development. The maximum grain size was about 100 nm and a corresponding average lattice strain of 0.002 was found. A relation between the treatment parameters and the coating properties, such as grain size and microstrain, can be shown. Thus, it was possible to determine optimal scan parameters for material processing and to establish the physical limits of the coating properties.
Article PDF
Similar content being viewed by others
Avoid common mistakes on your manuscript.
References
A. Bloyce, P.H. Morton, T. Bell, Surface engineering of titanium and titanium alloys (ASM Int., Member/Customer Service Center, Materials Park, 1994)
H.C. Man, Z.D. Cui, T.M. Yue, F.T. Cheng, Mater. Sci. Eng. A 355, 167 (2003)
H.J. Spies, P. Schaaf, F. Vogt, Materialwiss. Werkst. 29, 588 (1998)
P. Schaaf, A. Emmel, C. Illgner, K.P. Lieb, E. Schubert, H.W. Bergmann, Mater. Sci. Eng. A 197, L1 (1995)
P. Schaaf, Prog. Mater. Sci. 47, 1 (2002)
P. Schaaf, M. Han, K.-P. Lieb, E. Carpene, Appl. Phys. Lett. 80, 1091 (2002)
E. Carpene, P. Schaaf, Appl. Phys. Lett. 80, 891 (2002)
E. Carpene, P. Schaaf, Phys. Rev. B 65, 224111 (2002)
E. Carpene, M. Shinn, P. Schaaf, Appl. Phys. A: Mater. 80, 1707 (2005)
H. Xin, S. Mridha, T.N. Baker, J. Mater. Sci. 31, 22 (1996)
D. Höche, M. Shinn, J. Kaspar, G. Rapin, P. Schaaf, J. Phys. D 40, 818 (2007)
U.C. Oh, J.H. Je, J. Appl. Phys. 74, 1692 (1993)
J.P. Zhao, X. Wang, Z.Y. Chen, S.Q. Yang, T.S. Shi, X.H. Liu, J. Phys. D 30, 5 (1997)
J. Pelleg, L.Z. Zevin, S. Lungo, N. Croitoru, Thin Solid Films 197, 117 (1991)
T.B. Massalski, H. Okamoto, P.R. Subramanian, L. Kacprzak (Eds.), Binary Alloys Phase Diagrams (ASM Int., Materials Park, 1990)
W.-E. Wang, J. Alloys Compd. 233, 89 (1996)
L. Vegard, Z. Phys. 5, 17 (1921)
S. Nagakura, T. Kusunoki, F. Kakimoto, Y. Hirotsu, J. Appl. Cryst. 8, 65 (1975)
A.R. Stokes, Proc. Phys. Soc. 61, 382 (1948)
S. Krumm, Acta Universitatis Carolinae Geologica 38, 253 (1994)
S.A. Howard, R.L. Snyder, J. Appl. Cryst. 22, 238 (1989)
T.H. de Keijser, J.I. Langford, E.J. Mittemeijer, A.B.P. Vogels, J. Appl. Cryst. 15, 308 (1982)
J. Langford, J. Appl. Cryst. 11, 10 (1978)
M. Wojdyr, FITYK-0.7.7; A curve fitting and data analysis program (2004) http://www.unipress.waw.pl/fityk/
P. Scherrer, Nachr. Ges. Wiss. Göttingen 26, 98 (1918)
A.J.C. Wilson, Proc. R. Soc. London Ser. A 181, 360 (1943)
A.R. Stokes, A.J.C. Wilson, Proc. Phys. Soc. 56, 174 (1944)
G.K. Williamson, W.H. Hall, Acta Metall. 1, 22 (1953)
B.E. Warren, B.L. Averbach, J. Appl. Phys. 21, 595 (1950)
B.E. Warren, X-ray Diffraction (Dover Pub., New York, 1990)
C.N.J. Wagner, E.N. Aqua, Adv. X-ray Anal. 7, 46 (1964)
P. Schaaf, G. Rixecker, E. Yang, C.N.J. Wagner, U. Gonser, Hyperfine Interact. 94, 2239 (1994)
C.N.J. Wagner, E. Yang, M.S. Boldrick, Adv. X-ray Anal. 35, 585 (1992)
H. Savaloni, M. Gholipour-Shahraki, M.A. Player, J. Phys. D Appl. Phys. 39, 2231 (2006)
D.R. McKenzie, Y. Yin, W.D. McFall, N.H. Hoang, J. Phys.: Condens. Matter 8, 5883 (1996)
T. Lee, K. Ohmori, C.-S. Shin, D.G. Cahill, I. Petrov, J.E. Greene, Phys. Rev. B 71, 144106 (2005)
PDF2 Database 1997 PCPDFWIN 1.30, Joint Committee for Powder Diffraction Studies (JCPDS)-ICDD
W.J. Meng, G.L. Eesley, Thin Solid Films 271, 108 (1995)
V. Valvoda, J. Musil, Thin Solid Films 149, 49 (1987)
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Additional information
PACS
81.65.Lp; 81.15.Fg; 61.10.Nz; 68.55.Jk
Rights and permissions
Open Access This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution Noncommercial License (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/2.0), which permits any noncommercial use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author(s) and source are credited.
About this article
Cite this article
Höche, D., Schikora, H., Zutz, H. et al. Microstructure of TiN coatings synthesized by direct pulsed Nd:YAG laser nitriding of titanium: Development of grain size, microstrain, and grain orientation. Appl. Phys. A 91, 305–314 (2008). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00339-008-4403-8
Received:
Accepted:
Published:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s00339-008-4403-8