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Das sensomotorische System und die Auswirkungen der Physiologie des Alterungsprozesses

Zugrunde liegende Mechanismen sowie präventive und therapeutische Möglichkeiten

The sensorimotor system and the consequences of the physiology of the aging process

Fundamental mechanisms and preventive and therapeutic options

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Zusammenfassung

Das sensomotorische System (SMS) ist ein exakt ausbalancierter Regelkreis von Afferenzen und Efferenzen unter spinaler und supraspinaler Kontrolle. Die Störung eines Elements dieses Kreises beeinflusst negativ alle anderen Elemente. In den Alterungsprozess sind alle Strukturelemente des SMS einbezogen, sodass die Funktions- und Leistungsfähigkeit systematisch abnehmen. Im Zentralnervensystem (ZNS) dominiert der Verlust der Vernetzung, regional sind Neuronenverluste zu verzeichnen. Aufgrund vermehrter Apoptose, die durch mitochondriale Funktionseinbußen eingeleitet wird, kommt es zum Muskelschwund (Sarkopenie). Präventiv und therapeutisch können die Veränderungen im ZNS durch sensomotorisches Lernen beeinflusst werden. Die mitochondrialen Veränderungen werden durch Ausdauertraining, die Sarkopenie wird durch Krafttraining vermindert. Altersbedingte Verluste der koordinativen und konditionellen Leistungsfähigkeit fördern Funktionsstörungen der Wirbelsäule. Jeder manualtherapeutische Ansatz im Alter muss durch ein entsprechendes Trainingsprogramm ergänzt werden.

Abstract

The sensorimotor system is a well-balanced control circuit of afferent and efferent pathways controlled spinally and supraspinally. Disturbances within one element will negatively influence all other elements of the circuit. Especially in senescence this will seriously affect sensorimotor function. The aging process in humans has at least three global factors: firstly genetic formation (although there is no primary genetic program for aging), secondly lifestyle (can very well be influenced by behavior) and thirdly chronic illnesses (principally independent but interact mutually with the two other factors). All structural elements of the sensorimotor system are involved in the aging process resulting in a systematic reduction of function and efficacy. The number of rapidly adapting sensors will be reduced and the remaining sensors will lose sensitivity. The fast afferent and efferent neuronal pathways become slower and slower. The central nervous system (CNS) is dominated by a loss of networking. In some regions there is a serious loss of neurons. Age-related apopotosis, a physiological deleterious process of cells, will generate sarcopenia (loss of muscles) by impaired mitochondrial function. From the preventive and therapeutic point of view the alterations in the CNS can be influenced by permanent sensorimotor learning. The mitochondrial lesions can be diminished by endurance and sarcopenia by muscle strength training. The age-related loss of coordinative sensorimotor function and endurance will promote functional impairment of the spine. Every manual therapeutic treatment must therefore be accompanied by a corresponding training program.

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  1. Abteilung Physikalische Medizin und Rehabilitation, Landeskrankenhaus Rankweil, Valdunastr. 16, 6830, Rankweil, Österreich

    W. Laube

  2. Orthopädische Praxis, Bremen, Bremen, Deutschland

    W. von Heymann

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Laube, W., von Heymann, W. Das sensomotorische System und die Auswirkungen der Physiologie des Alterungsprozesses. Manuelle Medizin 50, 223–234 (2012). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00337-012-0901-z

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  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s00337-012-0901-z

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