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Der Zyklus Belastung – Adaptation

Grundlage für Struktur, Funktion, Leistungsfähigkeit und Gesundheit

Cycle load – adaptation

Background for structure, function, performance and health

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Zusammenfassung

Der Organismus benötigt Belastung, um die Organe und ihr Zusammenspiel strukturell und funktionell zu entwickeln, zu erhalten und die Alterungsprozesse zu beeinflussen.

Zum Vollzug der Leistungsvorgabe, der Belastung, realisiert der Organismus einen biologischen Aufwand, die Beanspruchung, und es entsteht eine beanspruchungsspezifische Ermüdung. Essenziell für alle Erholungsprozesse (Restitution, Reparatur, Adaptation) sind die Beanspruchungen der anabolen hormonellen, parakrinen und autokrinen Systeme. Sie vermitteln alle strukturellen Vorgänge in der Erholung. Herausragend ist die Achse Wachstumshormon – insulinähnlicher Wachstumsfaktor der Leber, aber auch der Körperzellen und die Testosteronproduktion. Die Hormone sichern zunächst die restitutiven und reparativen Prozesse. Diese gehen fließend in die anabolen Vorgänge über. Sie repräsentieren das Ergebnis der Beanspruchung, zu erkennen an der Funktions- und Leistungsfähigkeit. Inaktivität führt zu einem negativen Zyklus, wodurch es zu Atrophie und Funktionsverlust bis hin zur Degeneration kommt. Der Zyklus ist auch in die Prävention und Therapie von Schmerzen involviert. Zum einen haben während der Bewegungsausführung sowohl die zentralen motorischen Efferenzen als auch die propriorezeptiven Afferenzen einen hemmenden Einfluss auf die schmerzrelevanten Neuronenpopulationen im Hinterhorn. Zum anderen beteiligen sich die sensomotorischen Gehirnareale mit Strukturveränderungen an der Chronifizierung des Schmerzes.

Abstract

The organism needs load to physiologically develop all tissues, organs and their coordinated functions in childhood and adolescence, to protect these structures and functions during midlife and, especially later, to delay aging processes.

In order to execute the planned performance or load the organism must realize a concrete biological effort, the physiological use, which results in load-specific fatigue and, finally, in termination of the use. The use-related stimulation of anabolic hormonal, paracrine and autocrine regulation systems is essential to all recovery processes (restitution, reparation, adaptation). It results in the production of growth factors of different families which mediate all structural changes in the recovery period. The anabolic hormone axis growth hormone, insulin-like growth factor of the liver (hormonal IGF-1) but also of different body cells (paracrine, autocrine function) as well as the stimulation of testosterone production (axis pituitary gland, gonads) are of paramount importance. After termination of the physiological use, these anabolic hormones secure all restitutive and reparative processes to compensate for consumed resources and repair structural damages in the early phase of recovery. These processes form a continuum with the anabolic structural adaptations. They represent the biological results of the physical load and can be recognized as increased function and capacity in both the preventive and the therapeutic sense as well as with regard to the influence on aging (delay of frailty). Inactivity leads to a vicious circle resulting in atrophy and thus loss of function up to degeneration. The cycle of load and adaptation is also involved in the prevention and therapy of pain. On the one hand central motor efferents of the corticospinal and other tracts as well as proprioceptive afferents and reafferents have a direct and indirect inhibitory impact on pain relevant neuron populations in the posterior horn of the spinal cord during the execution of a movement. On the other hand structural changes of cerebral structures highly relevant to the sensorimotor system are involved in the chronification of pain.

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Laube, W. Der Zyklus Belastung – Adaptation. Manuelle Medizin 49, 335–343 (2011). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00337-011-0865-4

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