Skip to main content
Log in

Aufmerksamkeitsdefizit-Hyperaktivitätssyndrom (ADHS)

Manualmedizinische, neurophysiologische und kinderneuropsychiatrische Befunde

Attention-deficite hyperactivity disorder

Findings in manual medicine, neurophysiology and child- and adolescence neuropsychiatry

  • Originalien
  • Published:
Manuelle Medizin Aims and scope Submit manuscript

Zusammenfassung

Hintergrund

Klinisch und neurophysiologisch lassen sich motorische Defizite bei ADHS-Kindern nachweisen. Da viele dieser Kinder manualmedizinisch tätigen Kollegen/innen unter unterschiedlichsten Fragestellungen vorgestellt werden, interessiert ein gelegentlich behaupteter kausaler Zusammenhang von ADHS-Symptomatik und manualmedizinisch definierter Funktionsstörung des Bewegungssystems.

Patienten und Methoden

Im Rahmen einer neurophysiologischen Studie (transkranielle Magnetstimulation) wurde eine definierte Stichprobe von 13 ADHS-Kindern manualmedizinisch untersucht und mit einer alters- und geschlechtsgematchten Kontrollgruppe verglichen. Manualmedizinisch untersucht wurden die Kopfgelenkregion (O/C1/C2/C3) und die „Strainmuster“ der sphenobasilären Synchondrose (SBS).

Ergebnisse

Nur 6 Kinder (46%) der ADHS-Gruppe (n=13) und 5 Kinder (38,5%) der Kontrollgruppe (n=13) wiesen segmentale Störungen der Kopfgelenkregion auf. Vier Kinder der ADHS-Gruppe (31%) und ebenfalls 4 Kinder der Kontrollgruppe zeigten Störungen der SBS. Es fanden sich keine statistisch nachweisbaren Zusammenhänge zwischen der Ausprägung der ADHS-Symptome und den manualmedizinischen Funktionsstörungen. Ebenso wenig fanden sich Korrelationen zwischen neurophysiologischen Parametern (intra- und interkortikale Inhibition), die bei ADHS Kindern spezifisch gestört sind, und den manualmedizinischen Funktionsstörungen. Bei 2 der 6 manualmedizinisch auffälligen ADHS-Kindern waren die Funktionsstörungen in der Kopfgelenkregion schmerzhaft. Sie sprachen ebenso wie die 4 ADHS-Kinder mit SBS-Störungen auf eine manualmedizinische Behandlung gut an. Die ADHS-Symptome wurden durch diese Behandlung nicht beeinflusst.

Schlussfolgerung

Mit hoher Wahrscheinlichkeit handelt es sich bei gleichzeitigem Auftreten eines ADHS und Funktionsstörungen des Bewegungssystems um Koinzidenzen ohne ätiologischen Zusammenhang. Die manualmedizinische Behandlung dieser Störungen bei ADHS-Kindern sollte unter dem Gesichtspunkt der eingeschränkten Kompensationsfähigkeit dieser Kinder durchgeführt und in ein multimodales Therapiekonzept eingebunden werden.

Abstract

Background

Motor clumsiness is very common in attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). These motor deficits are not only clinically but also neurophysiologically verifiable. In practice, chirotherapists or pediatricians and family doctor’s see many ADHD children under various diagnoses. Therefore, a possible causal correlation between ADHD symptoms and disturbances of the locomotor system (in this case somatic dysfunctions) would be of high interest.

Patients and methods

Within a neurophysiological study (transcranial magnetic stimulation) a defined sample of thirteen ADHD children was investigated manually and compared with a gender- and age matched control group. Target regions of manual examination were the upper cervical apophysial joints (O/C1/C2/C3) and the sphenobasilar synchondrosis (SBS).

Results

Only six ADHD children (46%) and five controls (38,5%) showed somatic dysfunctions in the upper cervical spinal column. Four children of each group (31%) showed dysfunctions of the SBS. No significant correlations between ADHD symptoms and somatic or SBS dysfunctions or between neurophysiological parameters (inter- and intracortical inhibition) and somatic or SBS dysfunctions were found. Beside the SBS-strains, in two of the six manually symptomatic children of the ADHD group the dysfunctions of upper cervical apophysial joints were painful. The manual treatment of segmental and SBS dysfunctions improves pain and dysfunction, but did not change any ADHD symptoms.

Conclusions

Simultaneous appearance of ADHD symptoms and somatic dysfunctions seems to be with high probability coincidences without a causal relationship. Manually examined dysfunctions should be treated in consideration of the restricted compensation ability of these children, but the manual treatment must be integrated in a multi-modal therapeutic conception.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this article

Price excludes VAT (USA)
Tax calculation will be finalised during checkout.

Instant access to the full article PDF.

Abb. 1
Abb. 2

Literatur

  1. Anderson JC, Williams S, McGee R, Silva PA (1987) DSM-III disorders in preadolescent children. Prevalence in a large sample from the general population. Arch Gen Psychiatry 44:69–76

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  2. August GJ, Realmuto GM, MacDonald AW, Nugent SM, Crosby R (1996) Prevalence of ADHD and comorbid disorders among elementary school children screened for disruptive behavior. J Abnorm Child Psychol 24:571–595

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  3. Barkley RA (1997) ADHD and the nature of self-control. Guilford Press, New York

  4. Barkley RA (1997) Behavioral inhibition, sustained attention, and executive functions: constructing a unifying theory of ADHD. Psychol Bull 121:65–94

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  5. Baumgartner H, Dvorak J, Graf-Baumann T, Terrier B (1993) Grundbegriffe der Manuellen Medizin. Springer, Berlin Heidelberg NewYork

  6. Berquin PC, Giedd JN, Jacobsen LK, Hamburger SD, Krain AL, Rapoport JL, Castellanos FX (1998) Cerebellum in attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder: a morphometric MRI study. Neurology 50:1087–1093

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  7. Biederman J, Faraone SV, Mick E, Spencer T, Wilens T, Kiely K, Guite J, Ablon JS, Reed E, Warburton R (1995) High risk for attention deficit hyperactivity disorder among children of parents with childhood onset of the disorder: a pilot study. Am J Psychiatry 152:431–435

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  8. Biederman J, Milberger S, Faraone SV, Kiely K, Guite J, Mick E, Ablon JS, Warburton R, Reed E, Davis SG (1995) Impact of adversity on functioning and comorbidity in children with attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder. J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry 34:1495–1503

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  9. Biederman J, Milberger S, Faraone SV, Kiely K, Guite J, Mick E, Ablon S, Warburton R, Reed E (1995) Family-environment risk factors for attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder. A test of Rutter’s indicators of adversity. Arch Gen Psychiatry 52:464–470

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  10. Brandeis D, van Leeuwen TH, Rubia K, Vitacco D, Steger J, Pascual-Marqui RD, Steinhausen HC (1998) Neuroelectric mapping reveals precursor of stop failures in children with attention deficits. Behav Brain Res 94:111–125

    Google Scholar 

  11. Brickenkamp R (2002) Aufmerksamkeits-Belastungs-Test d2. Hogrefe, Göttingen

  12. Brühl B, Döpfner M, Lehmkuhl G (2000) Der Fremdbeurteilungsbogen für hyperkinetische Störungen (FBB-HKS)—Prävalenz hyperkinetischer Störungen im Elternurteil und psychometrische Kriterien. Kindh Entwick 9:115–125

    Google Scholar 

  13. Buchmann J, Gierow W, Häßler F, Fegert J (1999) Continous-processing-related event-related oscillations of the brain in children wiht ADHD compared with a reference group. Eur Child Adolesc Psychiatry 8/II:148

  14. Buchmann J, Gierow W, Häßler F, Fegert J (1999) Ereigniskorrelierte Potentiale und bei der Informationsverarbeitung auftretende Oszillationen des Gehirns von hyperkinetischen Kindern mit Aufmerksamkeitsdefizit im Vergleich zu einer Kontrollgruppe. Klin Neurophysiol 30:205

    Google Scholar 

  15. Buchmann J, Gierow W, Häßler F, Fegert J (1999) Event-related potentials and continous-processing—related oscillations of the brain in children with ADHD compared with a control group. Clin Neurophysiol 110:2390–2391

    Google Scholar 

  16. Buchmann J, Haessler F (2003) Kurz und lang dauernde inhibitorische und fazilitatorische Prozesse im Motorkortex von Kindern mit ADHD. Conference Proceedings, Aachen

  17. Buchmann J, Wende K, Ihracky D, Kundt G (1998) Gezielte manualmedizinische Untersuchung der Kopfgelenke vor, während und nach einer Intubationsnarkose mit vollständiger neuromuskulärer Blockade. Man Med 36:32–36

    Article  Google Scholar 

  18. Buchmann J, Wolters A, Haessler F, Bohne S, Nordbeck R, Kunesch E (2003) Disturbed transcallosally mediated motor inhibition in children with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). Clin Neurophysiol 114:2036–2042

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  19. Castellanos FX, Giedd JN, Eckburg P, Marsh WL, Vaituzis AC, Kaysen D, Hamburger SD, Rapoport JL (1994) Quantitative morphology of the caudate nucleus in attention deficit hyperactivity disorder. Am J Psychiatry 151:1791–1796

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  20. Castellanos FX, Giedd JN, Marsh WL, Hamburger SD, Vaituzis AC, Dickstein DP, Sarfatti SE, Vauss YC, Snell JW, Lange N, Kaysen D, Krain AL, Ritchie GF, Rajapakse JC, Rapoport JL (1996) Quantitative brain magnetic resonance imaging in attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder. Arch Gen Psychiatry 53:607–616

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  21. Clarke AR, Barry RJ, McCarthy R, Selikowitz M (2001) Age and sex effects in the EEG: differences in two subtypes of attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder. Clin Neurophysiol 112:815–826

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  22. Clarke AR, Barry RJ, McCarthy R, Selikowitz M (2001) EEG-defined subtypes of children with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder. Clin Neurophysiol 112:2098–2105

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  23. Clarke AR, Barry RJ, McCarthy R, Selikowitz M (2001) Electroencephalogram differences in two subtypes of attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder. Psychophysiology 38:212–221

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  24. Clarke AR, Barry RJ, McCarthy R, Selikowitz M (2001) Excess beta activity in children with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder: an atypical electrophysiological group. Psychiatry Res 103:205–218

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  25. Dilling H, Mombour W, Schmidt MH, Schulte-Markwort E (1993) Internationale Klassifikation psychischer Störungen, Kap. V (F), Klinisch-diagnostische Leitlinien. Huber, Bern

  26. Döpfner M, Fröhlich J, Lehmkuhl G (2000) Hyperkinetische Störungen. Leitfaden Kinder- und Jugendpsychiatrie. Hogrefe, Göttingen

  27. Ernst M, Zametkin AJ, Matochik JA, Pascualvaca D, Jons PH, Cohen RM (1999) High midbrain 18F-DOPA accumulation in children with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder. Am J Psychiatry 156:1209–1215

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  28. Filipek PA, Semrud-Clikeman M, Steingard RJ, Renshaw PF, Kennedy DN, Biederman J (1997) Volumetric MRI analysis comparing subjects having attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder with normal controls. Neurology 48:589–601

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  29. Goldmann R, Bornscheuer A, Kirchner E (1997) Gelenkblockierungen und gestörtes Gelenkspiel unter Muskelrelaxation. Man Med 35:56–58

    Google Scholar 

  30. Goyette CH, Conners CK, Ulrich RF (1978) Normative data on revised Conners parent and teacher rating scales. J Abnorm Child Psychol 6:221–236

    Google Scholar 

  31. Hynd GW, Semrud-Clikeman M, Lorys AR, Novey ES, Eliopulos D, Lyytinen H (1991) Corpus callosum morphology in attention deficit-hyperactivity disorder: morphometric analysis of MRI. J Learn Disabil 24:141–146

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  32. Lou HC, Henriksen L, Bruhn P, Borner H, Nielsen JB (1989) Striatal dysfunction in attention deficit and hyperkinetic disorder. Arch Neurol 46:48–52

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  33. Mannuzza S, Klein RG (2000) Long-term prognosis in attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder. Child Adolesc Psychiatr Clin N Am 9:711–726

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  34. Mannuzza S, Klein RG, Bessler A, Malloy P, LaPadula M (1993) Adult outcome of hyperactive boys. Educational achievement, occupational rank, and psychiatric status. Arch Gen Psychiatry 50:565–576

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  35. Mannuzza S, Klein RG, Bonagura N, Malloy P, Giampino TL, Addalli KA (1991) Hyperactive boys almost grown up. V. Replication of psychiatric status. Arch Gen Psychiatry 48:77–83

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  36. Mannuzza S, Klein RG, Konig PH, Giampino TL (1989) Hyperactive boys almost grown up. IV. Criminality and its relationship to psychiatric status. Arch Gen Psychiatry 46:1073–1079

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  37. Mataro M, Garcia-Sanchez C, Junque C, Estevez-Gonzalez A, Pujol J (1997) Magnetic resonance imaging measurement of the caudate nucleus in adolescents with attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder and its relationship with neuropsychological and behavioral measures. Arch Neurol 54:963–968

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  38. Melchers P, Preuss U (1994) Kaufmann-assessment battery for children (K-ABC; deutschsprachige Fassung). Swets & Zeitlinger, Amsterdam

  39. Moll GH, Heinrich H, Trott G, Wirth S, Rothenberger A (2000) Deficient intracortical inhibition in drug-naive children with attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder is enhanced by methylphenidate. Neurosci Lett 284:121–125

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  40. Niedermeyer E, Naidu SB (1997) Attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) and frontal-motor cortex disconnection. Clin Electroencephalogr 28:130–136

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  41. Pliszka SR, Liotti M, Woldorff MG (2000) Inhibitory control in children with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder: event-related potentials identify the processing component and timing of an impaired right-frontal response-inhibition mechanism. Biol Psychiatry 48:238–246

    Google Scholar 

  42. Quay H-C (1997) Inhibition and attention deficit hyperactivity disorder. J Abnorm Child Psychol 25:7–13

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  43. Richters JE, Arnold LE, Jensen PS, Abikoff H, Conners CK, Greenhill LL, Hechtman L, Hinshaw SP, Pelham WE, Swanson JM (1995) NIMH collaborative multisite multimodal treatment study of children with ADHD: I. background and rationale. J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry 34:987–1000

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  44. Rohde LA, Biederman J, Busnello EA, Zimmermann H, Schmitz M, Martins S, Tramontina S (1999) ADHD in a school sample of Brazilian adolescents: a study of prevalence, comorbid conditions, and impairments. J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry 38:716–722

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  45. Sachse J, Schildt-Rudloff K (1997) Wirbelsäule: Manuelle Untersuchung und Mobilisationsbehandlung. Ullstein Mosby, Berlin

  46. Scahill L, Schwab-Stone M, Merikangas KR, Leckman JF, Zhang H, Kasl S (1999) Psychosocial and clinical correlates of ADHD in a community sample of school-age children. J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry 38:976–984

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  47. Schubert I, Lehmkuhl G, Spengler A, Döpfner M, Ferber LV (2001) Methylphenidat bei hyperkinetischen Störungen. Deutsch Ärztebl 98:2–5

    Google Scholar 

  48. Sergeant J (2000) The cognitive-energetic model: an empirical approach to attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder. Neurosci Biobehav Rev 24:7–12

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  49. Shibata T, Shimoyama I, Ito T, Abla D, Iwasa H, Koseki K, Yamanouchi N, Sato T, Nakajima Y (1999) Event-related dynamics of the gamma-band oscillation in the human brain: information processing during a GO/NOGO hand movement task. Neurosci Res 33:215–222

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  50. Sieg KG, Gaffney GR, Preston DF, Hellings JA (1995) SPECT brain imaging abnormalities in attention deficit hyperactivity disorder. Clin Nucl Med 20:55–60

    Google Scholar 

  51. Sonuga-Barke EJ, Williams E, Hall M, Saxton T (1996) Hyperactivity and delay aversion. III: The effect on cognitive style of imposing delay after errors. J Child Psychol Psychiatry 37:189–194

    Google Scholar 

  52. Steere JC, Arnsten AF (1995) Corpus callosum morphology in ADHD. Am J Psychiatry 152:1105–1106

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  53. Sühlfleisch U, Buchmann J, Gierow W, Nordbeck R, Bohne S, Häßler F (2002) Ereigniskorrelierte Oszillationenen des Gehirns in einem Go-NoGo-Paradigma bei Kindern mit einem hyperkinetischen Syndrom (HKS) verglichen mit einer Kontrollgruppe. Vandenhoeck & Ruprecht, Göttingen

  54. Sühlfleisch U, Gierow W, Nordbeck R, Bohne S, Häßler F, Buchmann J (2002) Visuelle und akustische ereigniskorrelierte Oszillationen in einem Go-NoGo Paradigma bei Kindern mit einem hyperkinetischen Syndrom (HKS) im Vergleich zu einer Kontrollgruppe. Nervenarzt 73 (Suppl 1):145–146

    Google Scholar 

  55. Tannock R (1998) Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder: advances in cognitive, neurobiological, and genetic research. J Child Psychol Psychiatry 39:65–99

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  56. Taylor E, Everitt B, Thorley G, Schachar R, Rutter M, Wieselberg M (1986) Conduct disorder and hyperactivity: II. A cluster analytic approach to the identification of a behavioural syndrome. Br J Psychiatry 149:768–777

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  57. Taylor E, Schachar R, Thorley G, Wieselberg M (1986) Conduct disorder and hyperactivity: I. Separation of hyperactivity and antisocial conduct in British child psychiatric patients. Br J Psychiatry 149:760–767

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  58. Teicher MH, Anderson CM, Polcari A, Glod CA, Maas LC, Renshaw PF (2000) Functional deficits in basal ganglia of children with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder shown with functional magnetic resonance imaging relaxometry. Nat Med 6:470–473

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  59. Tewes U (1983) HAWIK-R. Hamburg-Wechsler-Intelligenztest für Kinder. Revision 1983. Huber, Bern

  60. Tewes U, Schallberger U, Rossmann K (1999) Hamburg-Wechsler-Intelligenztest für Kinder (HAWIK-III). Hogrefe, Göttingen

  61. Van Leeuwen TH, Steinhausen HC, Overtoom CC, Pascual-Marqui RD, van’t Klooster B, Rothenberger A, Sergeant JA, Brandeis D (1998) The continuous performance test revisited with neuroelectric mapping: impaired orienting in children with attention deficits. Behav Brain Res 94:97–110

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  62. Wender PH, Ward MF, Reimherr FW, Marchant BK (2000) ADHD in adults. J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry 39:543

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  63. Wender PH, Wolf LE, Wasserstein J (2001) Adults with ADHD. An overview. Ann N Y Acad Sci 931:1–16

    CAS  Google Scholar 

Download references

Interessenkonflikt:

Der korrespondierende Autor versichert, dass keine Verbindungen mit einer Firma, deren Produkt in dem Artikel genannt ist, oder einer Firma, die ein Konkurrenzprodukt vertreibt, bestehen.

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

Authors

Corresponding author

Correspondence to J. Buchmann.

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

About this article

Cite this article

Buchmann, J., Häßler, F. Aufmerksamkeitsdefizit-Hyperaktivitätssyndrom (ADHS). Manuelle Medizin 42, 195–202 (2004). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00337-004-0299-3

Download citation

  • Issue Date:

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s00337-004-0299-3

Schlüsselwörter

Keywords

Navigation