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Ontogenetic changes in the buoyancy and salinity tolerance of eggs and larvae of polar cod (Boreogadus saida) and other gadids

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Abstract

Climate change in Arctic and sub-Arctic seas is leading to rapid changes in the dispersal potential of marine organisms. In Alaskan waters, loss of sea ice and salinity changes associated with warming may have a strong effect on the distribution and survival of eggs and larvae of key fish species at the Pacific–Arctic interface, such as polar cod (Boreogadus saida) in the Chukchi Sea and walleye pollock (Gadus chalcogrammus) in the northern Bering Sea. We conducted laboratory experiments to investigate how changes in ontogeny and salinity influenced the buoyancy and survival of eggs and larvae of these and two other gadids (Pacific cod, Gadus macrocephalus and saffron cod, Eleginus gracilis). Polar cod egg density varied among family groups, but eggs were more buoyant than those of walleye pollock overall. Eggs of both species followed a typical pattern of increasing density early in development. After hatching, polar cod and walleye pollock larvae were similar in density, and were notably more buoyant than the larvae of species with demersal eggs (Pacific cod and saffron cod). Larvae of the two Arctic species (polar cod and saffron cod) were less sensitive to salinity challenges than the sub-Arctic gadids, but polar cod became more sensitive at 6 weeks post-hatch. These results highlight possible adaptations of polar cod to ensure that their eggs are positioned under or near ice after spawning so that larvae hatch in productive surface waters during ice break-up. A comparison of modeled seawater densities to egg densities during the post-spawning period suggests that walleye pollock eggs would only be in contact with seasonal sea ice on the northern edge of their distribution at latitudes above ~ 63 °N. The synergic effects of environmental variables on vertical distribution of eggs and their survival potential will be important biogeographic mechanisms to consider with climatic warming and continued loss of sea ice.

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Acknowledgements

This project was partially funded by the North Pacific Research Board (NPRB) Grant #1508. We thank T. Hurst and J. Napp for reviewing earlier drafts of this manuscript. We also thank B. Kopplin, R. Fechhelm, K. McCain, B. Streever, and the LGL Limited field crew for their assistance in the collection of polar cod in Prudhoe Bay. Thanks also to P. Iseri and C. Magel for collection of Pacific cod and saffron cod, and to personnel at the NOAA Alaska Fisheries Science Center Kodiak laboratory for help with logistics and support. We thank S. Haines for assistance in walleye pollock collection, along with personnel at the Port Townsend Marine Science Center for their assistance with logistics and wet lab space. We thank S. Haines, P. Iseri, C. Magel, and M. Ottmar for their assistance in fish transport and animal husbandry. Thank you to D. Stevenson and G. Hoff for providing shapefiles of gadid distributions around Alaska. M. Davis and B. Olla were responsible for the design and implementation of the experiment that provided egg density data for walleye pollock.

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  1. Fisheries Behavioral Ecology Program, Alaska Fisheries Science Center, National Marine Fisheries Service, NOAA, Hatfield Marine Science Center, Newport, OR, 97365, USA

    Mara L. Spencer & Benjamin J. Laurel

  2. College of Fisheries and Ocean Sciences, University of Alaska Fairbanks, Hatfield Marine Science Center, Newport, OR, 97365, USA

    Cathleen D. Vestfals

  3. College of Fisheries and Ocean Sciences, University of Alaska Fairbanks, Juneau, AK, 99801, USA

    Franz J. Mueter

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  1. Mara L. Spencer
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Correspondence to Mara L. Spencer.

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This article belongs to the special issue on the "Arctic Gadids in a Changing Climate", coordinated by Franz Mueter, Haakon Hop, Benjamin Laurel, Caroline Bouchard, and Brenda Norcross.

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Spencer, M.L., Vestfals, C.D., Mueter, F.J. et al. Ontogenetic changes in the buoyancy and salinity tolerance of eggs and larvae of polar cod (Boreogadus saida) and other gadids. Polar Biol 43, 1141–1158 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00300-020-02620-7

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  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s00300-020-02620-7

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