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Sex determination in Antarctic notothenioid fish: chromosomal clues and evolutionary hypotheses

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Abstract

In fish, the determination of sex can be controlled by genetic factors, environmental factors or a combination of both. The presence of heteromorphic sex-related chromosomes is widely acknowledged as strongly indicative of genetic control of sex determination (GSD) acting over other sex control systems. Heteromorphic sex-related chromosomes have been observed in a minority of teleosts (approximately 4 %). However, when looking at the fishes of the suborder Notothenioidei the frequency of sex-related chromosomes increases substantially, reaching 26.67 % of the cytogenetically studied species. Noteworthy, sex chromosomes were observed only in cold-adapted species which live in the Antarctic coastal waters, whereas morphologically differentiated sex chromosomes were never observed in the temperate non-Antarctic notothenioid families. Recent evidence suggests that the sex-linked chromosomes across the Antarctic notothenioid families may not share a common origin, but likely originated more than once during notothenioid evolutionary history, thus implying the presence of selection pressures operating toward fixation of GSD system. On the whole, the cytogenetic evidences suggest the Antarctic-specific fixation of differentiated heteromorphic sex-related chromosomes and of a prominent GSD across Antarctic notothenioids that may be an additional manifestation of notothenioid evolution in thermally stable cold environment.

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Acknowledgments

The study was supported by the Italian National Programme for Antarctic Research (PNRA) project 2013.AZ 1.11 and contributes to the SCAR Scientific Research Program AnT-ERA (Antarctic Thresholds—Ecosystem Resilience and Adaptation). C-HCC acknowledges NSF OPP for grant award that supported parts of this study. We thank Catherine Ozouf-Costaz (CNRS, UPMC, Paris, France) for her contribute to the collection of cytogenetic data in the frame of collaborative Italian and French Antarctic Expeditions. Thanks to H. William Detrich (Northeastern University, USA) leading the ICEFISH 2004 cruise aboard RVIB Nathaniel B. Palmer that allowed the collection of precious cytogenetic information on sub-Antarctic notothenioid species.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Earth, Environment and Life Sciences (DISTAV), University of Genoa, Viale Benedetto XV 5, 16132, Genoa, Italy

    Laura Ghigliotti & Eva Pisano

  2. Department of Animal Biology, University of Illinois, Urbana-Champaign, IL, USA

    Chi-Hing Christina Cheng

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  1. Laura Ghigliotti
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  2. Chi-Hing Christina Cheng
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  3. Eva Pisano
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Correspondence to Laura Ghigliotti.

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This article is an invited contribution on Life in Antarctica: Boundaries and Gradients in a Changing Environment as the main theme of the XIth SCAR Biology Symposium. J.-M. Gili and R. Zapata Guardiola (Guest Editors).

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Ghigliotti, L., Cheng, CH.C. & Pisano, E. Sex determination in Antarctic notothenioid fish: chromosomal clues and evolutionary hypotheses. Polar Biol 39, 11–22 (2016). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00300-014-1601-z

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