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Repressors: the gatekeepers of phytohormone signaling cascades

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Abstract

Coordinated phytohormone signal transduction, in which repressors are the key players, is essential to balance plant development and stress response. In the absence of phytohormones, repressors interplay to terminate the transcription of phytohormone-responsive genes. For phytohormone signal transduction, degradation or inactivation of the repressors is a prerequisite, a process in which proteasomal degradation or protein modifications, such as phosphorylation, are involved. In this review, we summarize the various repressor proteins and their methods of regulation. In addition, we also shed light on other post-transcriptional modifications, including protein sumoylation, acetylation, methylation, and S-nitrosylation, which might be involved in repressor regulation. We conclude that repressors are the gatekeepers of phytohormone signaling, allowing transcription of phytohormone-responsive genes only when required and thus serving as a universal mechanism to conserve energy in plants. Finally, we strongly recommend that plant research should be focused further on elucidating the mechanisms regulating repressor abundance or activity, to improve our understanding of phytohormone signal transduction.

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Acknowledgements

We are thankful to Dr. Zheng Yang (Northwest A&F University) for helping us in producing the figure and revising the manuscript. This work was supported by the funding from the Science, technology and Innovation Commission of Shenzhen Municipality (JCYJ20190806154009040), the National Natural Science Foundation of China (31872804, 32101670), and the Talents Team Construction Fund of Northwestern Polytechnical University (31020190QD007).

Funding

This work was supported by the funding from the Science, technology and Innovation Commission of Shenzhen Municipality (JCYJ20190806154009040), the National Natural Science Foundation of China (31872804, 32101670), and the Talents Team Construction Fund of Northwestern Polytechnical University (31020190QD007).

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  1. Usman Aziz and Muhammad Saad Rehmani have contributed equally.

Authors and Affiliations

  1. School of Ecology and Environment, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi’an, 710012, China

    Usman Aziz, Muhammad Saad Rehmani, Lei Wang, Baoshan Xian, Xiaofeng Luo & Kai Shu

  2. Research and Development Institute of Northwestern Polytechnical University, Shenzhen, 518057, China

    Usman Aziz, Muhammad Saad Rehmani, Lei Wang, Baoshan Xian, Xiaofeng Luo & Kai Shu

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  1. Usman Aziz
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UA, MSR and KS conceived and designed the work. UA and MSR drafted the manuscript. KS and LW revised the manuscript and produced the figure. BX and XL participated in discussion on the figure of this manuscript and revised the manuscript. KS secured the funding. All authors have read and agreed to submit this version of the manuscript.

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Correspondence to Kai Shu.

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Aziz, U., Rehmani, M.S., Wang, L. et al. Repressors: the gatekeepers of phytohormone signaling cascades. Plant Cell Rep 41, 1333–1341 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00299-022-02853-2

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