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Enhancement of hypocotyl elongation by LOV KELCH PROTEIN2 production is mediated by auxin and phytochrome-interacting factors in Arabidopsis thaliana

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Abstract

Key message

Auxin and two phytochrome-interacting factors, PHYTOCHROME-INTERACTING FACTOR4 (PIF4) and PIF5, play crucial roles in the enhancement of hypocotyl elongation in transgenic Arabidopsis thaliana plants that overproduce LOV KELCH PROTEIN2 (LKP2).

Abstract

LOV KELCH PROTEIN2 (LKP2) is a positive regulator of hypocotyl elongation under white light in Arabidopsis thaliana. In this study, using microarray analysis, we compared the gene expression profiles of hypocotyls of wild-type Arabidopsis (Columbia accession), a transgenic line that produces green fluorescent protein (GFP), and two lines that produce GFP-tagged LKP2 (GFP-LKP2). We found that, in GFP-LKP2 hypocotyls, 775 genes were up-regulated, including 36 auxin-responsive genes, such as 27 SMALL AUXIN UP RNA (SAUR) and 6 AUXIN/INDOLE-3-ACETIC ACID (AUX/IAA) genes, and 21 genes involved in responses to red or far-red light, including PHYTOCHROME-INTERACTING FACTOR4 (PIF4) and PIF5; and 725 genes were down-regulated, including 15 flavonoid biosynthesis genes. Hypocotyls of GFP-LKP2 seedlings, but not cotyledons or roots, contained a higher level of indole-3-acetic acid (IAA) than those of control seedlings. Auxin inhibitors reduced the enhancement of hypocotyl elongation in GFP-LKP2 seedlings by inhibiting the increase in cortical cell number and elongation of the epidermal and cortical cells. The enhancement of hypocotyl elongation was completely suppressed in progeny of the crosses between GFP-LKP2 lines and dominant gain-of-function auxin-resistant mutants (axr2-1 and axr3-1) or loss-of-function mutants pif4, pif5, and pif4 pif5. Our results suggest that the enhancement of hypocotyl elongation in GFP-LKP2 seedlings is due to the elevated level of IAA and to the up-regulated expression of PIF4 and PIF5 in hypocotyls.

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Acknowledgments

This research was partially supported by a grant from the Ministry of Education, Culture, Sports, Science and Technology of Japan. We thank Dr. K. Hayashi (Okayama University of Science, Okayama, Japan) for kindly providing PEO-IAA, Dr. J. N. Maloof (University of California, Davis, CA, USA) for kindly providing pif4 and pif5 seeds, and ABRC for providing axr2-1 and axr3-1 seeds.

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  1. Department of Life Science, Faculty of Science, Gakushuin University, 1-5-1 Mejiro, Toshima-Ku, Tokyo, 171-8588, Japan

    Yuji Miyazaki, Tomoyuki Takase, Aya Saitoh, Asuka Sugitani & Tomohiro Kiyosue

  2. Growth Regulation Research Group, RIKEN Plant Science Center, 1-7-22 Suehiro-cho, Tsurumi, Yokohama, Kanagawa, 230-0045, Japan

    Yusuke Jikumaru & Yuji Kamiya

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  1. Yuji Miyazaki
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  2. Yusuke Jikumaru
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Communicated by P. P. Kumar.

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Table S1. Primers and the number cycles used in RT-PCR (XLSX 10 kb)

Table S2. Genes up-regulated in GFP-LKP2 hypocotyls in comparison with controls (Col and GFP) (XLSX 97 kb)

Table S3. Genes down-regulated in GFP-LKP2 hypocotyls in comparison with controls (Col and GFP) (XLSX 87 kb)

299_2015_1896_MOESM4_ESM.xlsx

Table S4. Pathway analysis of genes up-regulated in GFP-LKP2 hypocotyls performed with the Gene Functional Classification Tool in DAVID Bioinformatics Resources 6.7 (XLSX 20 kb)

299_2015_1896_MOESM5_ESM.xlsx

Table S5. Pathway analysis of genes down-regulated in GFP-LKP2 hypocotyls performed with the Gene Functional Classification Tool in DAVID Bioinformatics Resources 6.7 (XLSX 22 kb)

299_2015_1896_MOESM6_ESM.tif

Supplemental Fig. S1. Embryos of control (Col and GFP) and GFP-LKP2 (lines GFP-LKP2-1 and GFP-LKP2-2). (A) Embryos were surgically excised from 6-h water-imbibed seeds and stained with 0.1 % (w/v) Toluidine blue. Bars = 250 μm (B) Epidermal cell number on a 250-μm line along the long axis of the hypocotyl at its thickest part were counted. Error bars represent standard error of the mean (n = 5–10); the same letters indicate no statistically significant differences (P ≥ 0.05, Tukey’s test) (TIFF 20705 kb)

299_2015_1896_MOESM7_ESM.tif

Supplemental Fig. S2. Seedling growth. (A) Control (Col and GFP) and GFP-LKP2 (lines GFP-LKP2-1 and GFP-LKP2-2) seeds and seedlings grown on the germination medium for 0 to 7 days under continuous white light (80 μmol·m−2·s−1) at 22 °C. (B) Time course of hypocotyl elongation (TIFF 11131 kb)

299_2015_1896_MOESM8_ESM.jpg

Supplemental Fig. S3. Five-day-old control (Col and GFP) and GFP-LKP2 seedlings (lines GFP-LKP2-1 and GFP-LKP2-2) in the absence or presence of indicated concentrations of N-1-naphthylphthalamic acid (NPA), p-chlorophenoxyisobutyric acid (PCIB), or α-(phenylethyl-2-one)-indole-3-acetic acid (PEO-IAA). Bar = 5 mm (JPEG 908 kb)

299_2015_1896_MOESM9_ESM.tif

Supplemental Fig. S4. Inhibition of hypocotyl elongation by auxin inhibitors. Hypocotyl length of 5-day-old control (Col and GFP) and GFP-LKP2 seedlings (lines GFP-LKP2-1 and GFP-LKP2-2) in the absence or presence of the indicated concentrations of N-1-naphthylphthalamic acid (NPA), p-chlorophenoxyisobutyric acid (PCIB), or α-(phenylethyl-2-one)-indole-3-acetic acid (PEO-IAA). Error bars represent standard error of the mean (n = 7–15); different letters indicate statistically significant differences (P < 0.05, Tukey’s test) (TIFF 5375 kb)

Supplemental Fig. S5. Model of the enhancement of hypocotyl elongation by LKP2 (and possibly by ZTL) (TIFF 8641 kb)

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Miyazaki, Y., Jikumaru, Y., Takase, T. et al. Enhancement of hypocotyl elongation by LOV KELCH PROTEIN2 production is mediated by auxin and phytochrome-interacting factors in Arabidopsis thaliana . Plant Cell Rep 35, 455–467 (2016). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00299-015-1896-4

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