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Synergy of Hir1, Ssn6, and Snf2 global regulators is the functional determinant of a Mac1 transcriptional switch in S. cerevisiae copper homeostasis

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Abstract

To gain insights on the transcriptional switches that modulate proper copper homeostasis in yeast, we have examined in detail functional interactions of the relevant transcriptional activator Mac1. We identified Hir1 transcriptional repressor and histone chaperone as a Mac1-interacting protein. This association directly recruits Hir1 on a Mac1 target, CTR1 promoter, quantitatively under induction conditions. We also found Hir1 interacting directly with a previously unknown partner, the Ssn6 (Cyc8) co-regulator. On the non-induced CTR1 promoter, a Hir1 transcriptional activation function was revealed, in the absence of Ssn6, which was dependent on the presence of Snf2 (Swi2) nucleosome remodeler. Moreover, Ssn6 was identified as a Mac1-dependent prominent repressor of CTR1 transcription, antagonizing Snf2 occupancy. Transcriptional induction by copper depletion was effected by the quantitative recruitment of Snf2 directed mainly by Mac1 and redundantly by the quantitatively accumulated Hir1 and Ssn6 pair. Our analysis showed that the activation-effecting chromatin remodeling of CTR1 was due to Snf2 and not to the Hir1 histone chaperone activity or ability to regulate histone levels and stoichiometry. Following initiation, Hir1 and Snf2, but not Ssn6, were found to associate also with the actively transcribing CTR1 coding region, where Hir1 followed the pattern of the elongating RNA polymerase II. Therefore, we have shown that, at the CTR1 gene, in association with Mac1 DNA-binding transcriptional activator, the distinct and alternate genetic and physical collaboration of three global regulators modulates the transcriptional state of a switch involved in copper homeostasis.

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Acknowledgements

We thank Mary Ann Osley for LexA-N-Hir1 and LexA-C-Hir1 derivatives, Tim Formosa for spt16-11, pob3-7 strains and Fred Winston for snf2 strain. We thank Ioannis Kagiambakis for help with a control Mac1-9Myc experiment. We thank the late George Thireos, the late Yannis Papanikolau, Dimitris Tzamarias, Iannis Talianidis, Ioannis Kagiampakis, George Voloudakis and Metaxia Vlassi for helpful discussions on the subject. We thank Marianthi Kiparaki, Panagiota Spiliotopoulou and Katerina Bakela for help with the experiments.

Funding

This work was supported by the Greek Ministry of Development—GSRT (IMBB funding and PENED Grants 99EΔ 417 and 01ED119).

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  1. Alexandra Voutsina

    Present address: Laboratory of Translational Oncology, School of Medicine, University of Crete, 70013, Heraklion, Crete, Greece

  2. Kalliopi Gkouskou

    Present address: Embiodiagnostics, Heraklion, Crete, Greece

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  1. Institute of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, Foundation for Research and Technology-Hellas, N. Plastira 100, 700 13, Heraklion, Crete, Greece

    Alexandra Voutsina, George S. Fragiadakis & Despina Alexandraki

  2. Department of Biology, University of Crete, P.O. Box 2208, University Campus, Voutes, 70013, Heraklion, Crete, Greece

    Kalliopi Gkouskou & Despina Alexandraki

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Voutsina, A., Fragiadakis, G.S., Gkouskou, K. et al. Synergy of Hir1, Ssn6, and Snf2 global regulators is the functional determinant of a Mac1 transcriptional switch in S. cerevisiae copper homeostasis. Curr Genet 65, 799–816 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00294-019-00935-5

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