Skip to main content

Advertisement

SpringerLink
Log in

Production and characterization of an ecofriendly polystyrene waste adhesive made with toluene–acetone solvent

  • ORIGINAL PAPER
  • Published:
Polymer Bulletin Aims and scope Submit manuscript

Abstract

Polystyrene waste was converted into an ecofriendly adhesive using a toluene–acetone solvent system and compared to that of toluene solvent. The bond strengths of the adhesives were determined. The adhesive with the maximum bond strength was tested for pH, water content, flow behavior, the effect of temperature on viscosity, thermogravimetric analysis, and differential scanning calorimetry. The influence of viscosity on the adhesive bond strength was checked. Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy was used to identify the functional groups in the adhesive, and the effect of toluene and acetone solvent mixing on the bond strength of the polystyrene waste adhesive (PSWA) was determined. An increase in polystyrene concentration increased the adhesive viscosity. Temperature changes did not influence the adhesive's pseudo-plasticity but influenced its viscosity, as temperature rise resulted in a viscosity decrease. The toluene–acetone PSWA sample with a viscosity of 615.01 cP provided the best bond strength and a further decrease or increase in viscosity reduced the bond strength. The bond strength of the toluene–acetone adhesive system was significantly lower than that of the toluene system. The toluene–acetone system, on the other hand, is more environmentally friendly than that of toluene, and its maximum bond strength value of 0.637 N/mm2 is within the range of bond strength values for particleboard production. The eco-friendlier adhesive has a pH of 5.76 and a water content of 5.82% which are also within the range for particleboard adhesives. The eco-friendlier PSWA is more thermally stable with a slower thermal decomposition rate than that of the toluene (control) sample. Its pseudoplastic flow behavior is advantageous for adhesive applications.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this article

Log in via an institution

Price excludes VAT (USA)
Tax calculation will be finalised during checkout.

Instant access to the full article PDF.

Institutional subscriptions

Fig. 1
Fig. 2
Fig. 3
Fig. 4
Fig. 5
Fig. 6
Fig. 7
Fig. 8
Fig. 9
Fig. 10
Fig. 11
Fig. 12

Similar content being viewed by others

References

  1. Curiac A-S, Petre A, Stoica A-G, Sandu S-A, Sandu LPEMA, Virsta PEA (2017) Preparation of adhesives from the expandable polystyrene waste. J Young Scie 5:21–25. http://journalofyoungscientist.usamv.ro/pdf/vol_V_2017/Art3.pdf

  2. Vilau C, Dudescu MC (2020) Investigation of mechanical behavior of expanded polystyrene under compressive and bending loadings. Mater Plast 57:199–207. https://doi.org/10.37358/Mat.Plast.196

  3. Hamidu LAJ, Aroke UO, Osha OA, Muhammad IM (2019) Formulation and characterization of adhesive produced from polystyrene waste using response surface optimization. Traektoriâ Nauki= Path of Science 5:2001–2009. https://doi.org/10.22178/pos.49-2

  4. García MT, Gracia I, Duque G, de Lucas A, Rodríguez JF (2009) Study of the solubility and stability of polystyrene wastes in a dissolution recycling process. Waste Manage 29:1814–1818. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.wasman.2009.01.001

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  5. Yang Y, Yang J, Wu W-M, Zhao J, Song Y, Gao L et al (2015) Biodegradation and mineralization of polystyrene by plastic-eating mealworms: Part 1. Chem Phys Char Isotopic Tests Enviro Sci Technol 49:12080–12086. https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.est.5b02661

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  6. Issam A, Poh B, Abdul Khalil H, Lee W (2009) Adhesion properties of adhesive prepared from waste polystyrene. J Polym Environ 17:165–169. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10924-009-0134-y

  7. Osemeahon S.A., Reuben U., Emmanuel E., Development of adhesive from polystyrene waste, BIOMED Natural and Applied Science, 2 (2022) 13. https://doi.org/10.53858/bnas02011324

  8. Dinte E, Sylvester B (2018) Adhesives: applications and recent advances. Appl Adhesive Bond Sci Technol, 119–134. https://doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.71854

  9. Madrid M, González-Gutiérrez L, Martínez M, Garriga A (2006) Modeling the rheology of anaerobic adhesive formulations. J Adhes Sci Technol 20:677–691. https://doi.org/10.1163/156856106777412446

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  10. Dillard DA (2011) 17 Physical properties of adhesives. Handbook of adhesion technology, 393. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-01169.6_17

  11. Campbell Jr FC (2003) Manufacturing processes for advanced composites, Elsevier

  12. Wang X, Hagman O, Sundqvist B, Ormarsson S, Wan H, Niemz P (2015) Impact of cold temperatures on the shear strength of Norway spruce joints glued with different adhesives. Eur J Wood Wood Prod 73: 225–233. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00107-015-0882-4

  13. ASTM D1084–16 (2021) Standard test methods for viscosity of adhesives. https://www.astm.org/d1084-16r21.html

  14. ASTM D2559–12a (2018) Standard specifications for adhesives for bonded structural wood products for use under exterior exposure conditions. https://www.astm.org/d2559-12ar18.html

  15. CEN EN 1245:2011 (2011) Adhesives—Determination of Ph . https://standards.iteh.ai/catalog/standards/cen/ad4e5f83-be07-4c26-b5b8-84609f3728b8/en-1245-2011

  16. ASTM D4442, Standard test methods for direct moisture content measurement of wood and wood-based materials (including those that contain adhesives and chemical additives). https://www.intertek.com/building/standards/astm-d4442/

  17. ASTM E168–16 (2023) Standard practices for general techniques of infrared analysis. https://www.astm.org/e0168-16.html

  18. ASTM E1131–20 (2020) Standard test method for compositional analysis by thermogravimetry. https://www.astm.org/e1131-20.html

  19. ASTM E-1269–11 (2018) Standard test method for determining specific heat capacity by differential scanning calorimetry. https://www.astm.org/e1269-11r18.html

  20. Cheng E, Sun X (2006) Effects of wood-surface roughness, adhesive viscosity and processing pressure on adhesion strength of protein adhesive. J Adhes Sci Technol 20:997–1017. https://doi.org/10.1163/156856106777657779

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  21. Kamitsu T, Shimomura-Kuroki J, Shinkai K (2023) Effect of viscosity of experimental universal adhesive on bond strength to dentin prepared with Er:YAG laser. Sci Rep 13:7900. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-023-34984-1

    Article  ADS  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  22. Paz E, Narbon JJ, Abenojar J, Cledera M, Del Real J (2016) Influence of acrylic adhesive viscosity and surface roughness on the properties of adhesive joint. J Adhes 92:877–891. https://doi.org/10.1080/00218464.2015.1051221

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  23. Irmak Ö, Baltacıoğlu İH, Ulusoy N, Bağış YH (2016) Solvent type influences bond strength to air or blot-dried dentin, BMC Oral Health, 16: 1–6https://doi.org/10.1186/s12903-016-0247-3

  24. Lopes GC, Cardoso PC, Vieira LCC, Baratieri LN, Rampinelli K, Costa G (2006) Shear bond strength of acetone-based one-bottle adhesive systems. Braz Dent J 17:39–43. https://doi.org/10.1590/S0103-64402006000100009

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  25. Alamsyah EM, Nuryawan A, Widyorini R (2020) Identifying best parameters of particleboard bonded with dextrin-based adhesives. Open Agriculture 5:345–351. https://doi.org/10.1515/opag-2020-0037

    Article  Google Scholar 

  26. Elbadawi M, Osman Z, Paridah T, Nasroun T, Kantiner W (2015) Mechanical and physical properties of particleboards made from Ailanthus wood and UF resin fortified by Acacia's tannins blend. J Mater Environ Sci 6: 1016–1021. http://www.jmaterenvironsci.com/Document/vol6/vol6_N4/120-JMES-1324-2015-Elbadawi.pdf

  27. Franco EB, Lopes LG, D’alpino PHP, Pereira JC (2005) Influence of pH of different adhesive systems on the polymerization of a chemically cured composite resin. Braz Dent J 16:107–111

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  28. Maranhão FL, SILVA A, Sichieri E (2008) The influence of moisture on the adhesive performance. In: Qualicer–world congress on ceramic tile quality (vol 10)

  29. Salleh KM, Hashim R, Sulaiman O, Hiziroglu S, Wan Nadhari WN, Abd Karim N, Jumhuri N, Ang LZ (2015) Evaluation of properties of starch-based adhesives and particleboard manufactured from them. J Adhesion Sci Technol 29(4): 319–36. https://doi.org/10.1080/01694243.2014.987362

  30. Omotioma M, Ejikeme P, Ume J (2015) Improving the rheological properties of water-based mud with the addition of cassava starch. IOSR J Appl Chem 8:70–73. https://doi.org/10.9790/5736-08817073

    Article  Google Scholar 

  31. Rapp BE (2016) Microfluidics: modeling, mechanics and mathematics. William Andrew

  32. Omotioma M, Mba G, Okonkwo O, Okoye C (2012) Rheological characteristics of adhesive material produced from locally sourced cassava starch. Int J Environ Sci Manage Eng Res 1:211–213

    Google Scholar 

  33. Liu JJ, Guo LZ, Yang L, Liu Z, He CX (2014) Study on the rheological property of Cassava starch adhesives. Adv J Food Sci Technol 6(3):374–377

    Article  Google Scholar 

  34. Zhang G, Wang W, Chen D (2009) Chemical origin of red shift of CO stretching vibration in acetone complexes with various metal cations. Chem Phys 359(1–3):40–44

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  35. Coates J (2000) Encyclopedia of analytical chemistry, Interpretation of infrared spectra, a practical approach. Wiley, Chichester, pp 10815–10837

    Google Scholar 

  36. Nandiyanto ABD, Oktiani R, Ragadhita R (2019) How to read and interpret FTIR spectroscope of organic material. Indonesian J Sci Technol 4:97–118. https://ejournal.upi.edu/index.php/ijost/article/view/15806

  37. Knaanie R, Sebek J, Tsuge M, Myllys N, Khriachtchev L, Räsänen M et al (2016) Infrared spectrum of toluene: comparison of anharmonic isolated-molecule calculations and experiments in liquid phase and a Ne matrix. J Phys Chem A 120:3380–3389. https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.jpca.6b01604

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  38. Hamidu LAJ, Aroke UO, Osha OA, Muhammad IM (2019) Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy and scanning electron microscopy characterization of adhesive produced from polystyrene waste. Traektoriâ Nauki= Path of Science, 5: 3001–8. https://doi.org/10.22178/pos.53-4

  39. Coats AW, Redfern JP (1964) Kinetic parameters from thermogravimetric data. Nature 201(4914):68–69

    Article  ADS  CAS  Google Scholar 

Download references

Funding

This research did not receive any specific grant from funding agencies in the public, commercial, or not-for-profit sectors.

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Polymer and Textile Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Nnamdi Azikiwe University, Awka, Anambra State, Nigeria

    Chizoba May Obele & Martin Emeka Ibenta

  2. Department of Pure and Industrial Chemistry, Faculty of Physical Sciences, Nnamdi Azikiwe University, Awka, Anambra State, Nigeria

    Josephat Okechukwu Ogbuagu

Authors
  1. Chizoba May Obele
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  2. Martin Emeka Ibenta
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  3. Josephat Okechukwu Ogbuagu
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Martin Emeka Ibenta.

Ethics declarations

Conflict of interest

The authors declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper.

Additional information

Publisher's Note

Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.

Rights and permissions

Springer Nature or its licensor (e.g. a society or other partner) holds exclusive rights to this article under a publishing agreement with the author(s) or other rightsholder(s); author self-archiving of the accepted manuscript version of this article is solely governed by the terms of such publishing agreement and applicable law.

Reprints and permissions

About this article

Check for updates. Verify currency and authenticity via CrossMark

Cite this article

Obele, C.M., Ibenta, M.E. & Ogbuagu, J.O. Production and characterization of an ecofriendly polystyrene waste adhesive made with toluene–acetone solvent. Polym. Bull. (2024). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00289-024-05196-y

Download citation

  • Received:

  • Revised:

  • Accepted:

  • Published:

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s00289-024-05196-y

Keywords

Search

Navigation