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Chitosan nanoparticles containing α-pinene and Rosmarinus officinalis L. essential oil: effects on human melanoma cells’ viability and expression of apoptosis-involved genes

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Abstract

Melanoma is the most dreadful type of skin cancer; due to the side effects and drug resistance of chemotherapeutic drugs, the development of new herbal drugs has received more attention. In this study, the chemical composition of Rosmarinus officinalis L. essential oil, one of the most common medicinal plants, using gas chromatography–mass spectrometry (GC–MS) analysis was first identified. Then, chitosan nanoparticles containing the essential oil and α-pinene (identified major compound) with particle sizes of 69 ± 5 and 102 ± 6 nm and zeta potentials of 42.8 ± 0.9 and 41.7 ± 1 mV, respectively, were prepared. The attenuated total reflection-Fourier transform infrared (ATR-FTIR) analysis confirmed the successful loading of the essential oil and α-pinene into the nanoparticles. Besides, a polyethylene oxide–alginate electrospun scaffold (363 ± 20 nm) was proposed as a neutral dressing; it did not affect the viability of A-375 human melanoma cells. Moreover, the efficacy of chitosan nanoparticles containing α-pinene with IC50 value of 76.4 µg/mL was significantly more potent than chitosan nanoparticles containing R. officinalis essential oil (120.0 µg/mL), non-formulated essential oil (474.5 µg/mL), and non-formulated α-pinene (173.5 µg/mL). As the Bax/Bcl2 ratio was greater than 1 in all samples, it was confirmed that their effect on cell viability occurred through the apoptosis pathway. Considering obtained results, chitosan nanoparticles containing α-pinene could be considered for in vivo study.

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Funding

This study was supported by Fasa University of Medical Science (Grant No. 400229).

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Biochemistry, School of Medicine, Fasa University of Medical Sciences, Fasa, Iran

    Hamidreza Rahmani & Mohammad Hassan Meshkibaf

  2. Department of Medical Biotechnology, School of Advanced Technologies in Medicine, Fasa University of Medical Sciences, Fasa, Iran

    Ali Ghanbariasad

  3. Noncommunicable Disease Research Center, Fasa University of Medical Sciences, Fasa, Iran

    Alireza Molazade

  4. Department of Chemistry, Estahban Higher Education Center, Shiraz University, Estahban, Iran

    Roghayeh Heiran

  5. Department of Medical Nanotechnology, School of Advanced Technologies in Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran

    Mojdeh Safari

  6. Department of Medical Nanotechnology, School of Advanced Technologies in Medicine, Fasa University of Medical Sciences, Fasa, Iran

    Mahmoud Osanloo

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Contributions

HR prepared nanoparticles and contributed to MTT and RT-qPCR assays. AGh and AM performed the RT-qPCR assay. MHM revised MS. RH interpreted ATR-FTIR. MS prepared and characterized nanofibers. MO designed the study, analyzed data, and drafted the manuscript. All authors contributed to the drafting, and they approved the final version.

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Correspondence to Mahmoud Osanloo.

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The Fasa University of Medical Sciences ethics committee has ethically approved this study, IR.FUMS.REC.1401.021.

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Rahmani, H., Ghanbariasad, A., Meshkibaf, M.H. et al. Chitosan nanoparticles containing α-pinene and Rosmarinus officinalis L. essential oil: effects on human melanoma cells’ viability and expression of apoptosis-involved genes. Polym. Bull. 81, 2505–2523 (2024). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00289-023-04839-w

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