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Superabsorbent composites: a review

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Abstract

Superabsorbent composites (SC) can be defined as filler-enriched absorbent polymer chemistry. The superabsorbent polymers are made up of hydrophilic polymers with added cross-linking systems and tend to absorb, swell and retain a substantial volume of water. The conventional chemistries are based on synthetic polymers mainly acrylics. Concerning the fossil fuel crisis, their price depletion and to make the superabsorbent compounds more eco-friendly various biobased materials are incorporated into the structure to make the systems eco-friendlier and more sustainable. The biobased compounds widely explored in such areas are starch, cellulose, guar gum, xanthan gum, alginate, etc. The filler namely various clays such as montmorillonite (MMT), Attapulgite (APT), Kaolin, and bentonite in carbon-based fillers carbon nanotubes (CNT), graphite oxide, and various biobased compounds such as proteins, and biobased waste such as wheat straw, rice husk ash, and miscellaneous fillers as semi-coke, layered double hydroxides are well studied in the SC area. The performance of SC depends upon various reaction parameters such as monomers, initiator, modifier, filler, temperature, and time as well on other factors such as pH of the medium and particle size. The SC is found in a variety of application areas such as drug delivery, agriculture, wastewater treatment, the construction industry, sanitary napkins and diapers, food preservation, and artificial snow.

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Abbreviations

SC:

Superabsorbent composites

MMT:

Montmorillonite

APT:

Attapulgite

CNT:

Carbon nanotubes

AA:

Acrylic acid

Am:

Acrylamide

PVA:

Polyvinyl alcohol

PVP:

Polyvinylpyrrolidone

AMPS:

2-Acrylamido-2-methyl-1-propanesulfonic acid

MBA:

N,N′-Methylenebisacrylamide

NaAlg:

Sodium alginate

HEMA:

2-Hydroxyethyl methacrylate

NaA:

Sodium acrylate

LLDPE:

Linear low-density polyethylene

GDE:

Glow discharge electrolysis

PULL:

Pullulan

CMC:

Carboxymethyl cellulose

GG:

Guar gum

SH:

Sodium humate

PL:

Potato leaves

OMMT:

Organophilic montmorillonite

CTS:

Chitosan

SCB:

Sugarcane bagasse

DMSO:

Dimethyl sulfoxide

Wh-St:

Wheat Straw

HDTMABr:

Hexadecyltrimethyl ammonium bromide

AAS:

Alkali-activated slag

MK:

Metakaolin

XG:

Xanthan gum

PAsp:

Poly(aspartic acid)

HEC:

Hydroxyethyl cellulose

IPN:

Interpenetrating network

VMT:

Vermiculite

MGO:

Magnetic graphene oxide

CCNFs:

Carboxylated cellulose nanofibrils

SPI:

Soy protein isolate

OS:

Oxidized starch

EWA:

Equilibrium water absorbency

RHA:

Rice husk ash

SSS:

Sodium 4-styrenesulfonate

HA:

Humic acid

SeC:

Semi-coke

LDH:

Layered double hydroxides

MS:

Medical stone

CTAB:

Cetyl trimethyl ammonium bromide

DMAEA-DB:

N,N-Dimethyl-N-dodecyl methacryloxylethyl ammonium bromide

REC:

Rectorite

OPEFB:

Oil palm empty fruit bunch

HCP:

Hydrolyzed cottonseed protein

IRS:

Iron rich smectite

PGS:

Palygorskite

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    Aarti P. More

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More, A.P. Superabsorbent composites: a review. Polym. Bull. 81, 1893–1956 (2024). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00289-023-04809-2

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