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Improving adhesion between acrylonitrile-butadiene rubber and glass fiber cord by covalent bonding and secondary polar interactions

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Abstract

Adhesion promoting systems based on 3-aminopropyltriethoxysilane, 3-mercaptopropyltrimethoxysilane, N-2-aminoethyl-3-aminopropyltrimethoxysilane, hexamethylenetetramine, m-aminophenol, and silica were added into acrylonitrile-butadiene rubber (NBR) compounds to facilitate improved adhesion to a glass fiber cord. The kinetics of sulfur vulcanization, static and dynamic mechanical properties, surface energy, and adhesion to a glass fiber cord of the rubber compounds were studied. The addition of the adhesion promoters significantly influenced compounds' vulcanization, which resulted in significantly changed mechanical properties of the vulcanizates, while the dynamic properties were impacted only slightly. The surface energy measurement results were not in line with the final adhesion test results, which were most likely caused by the effect of acrylonitrile monomer units of NBR orientation toward the bulk of the compound. In consequence, the results indicated a lowering of the surface energy of the samples containing the adhesion promoters, whereas the pull-out test of the glass cord showed a significant improvement of the compounds' adhesion. The most effective adhesion-promoting system consisted of hexamethylenetetramine, m-aminophenol, and silica resulting in an over 300% increase of the adhesion force in comparison to unmodified NBR.

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Acknowledgements

This research was funded by the European Union from the European Regional Development Fund under the Intelligent Development Operational Program. Project implemented as part of the National Center for Research and Development competition: Application Projects 4.1.4, project number POIR.04.01.04-00-0034/18 “Hybridgeowall”. The authors also would like to thank Dr. Klaus Werner Stöckelhuber and Prof. Sven Wiessner from Leibniz Institute of Polymer Research Dresden in Germany for the insightful discussion on the surface energy test results. Sincere thanks to Martyna Kościukiewicz for providing language help: https://www.linkedin.com/in/martyna-ko%C5%9Bciukiewicz/.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Institute of Polymer and Dye Technology, Lodz University of Technology, Stefanowskiego 16, 90-537, Lodz, Poland

    Rafał Anyszka, Dariusz M. Bieliński, Mariusz Siciński, Tomasz Gozdek, Michał Okraska, Joanna Chudzik, Mateusz Imiela, Jakub Wręczycki, Dominik Pietrzak & Magdalena Maciejewska

  2. Institute of Social Sciences and Technology Management, Lodz University of Technology, Piotrkowska 266, 90-924, Lodz, Poland

    Jacek Gralewski

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  1. Rafał Anyszka
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Anyszka, R., Bieliński, D.M., Siciński, M. et al. Improving adhesion between acrylonitrile-butadiene rubber and glass fiber cord by covalent bonding and secondary polar interactions. Polym. Bull. 80, 3197–3226 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00289-022-04198-y

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