Skip to main content
SpringerLink
Log in

Effect of the aggregates size and oxygen content of carbon black on elastic characteristics of rubber

  • Original Paper
  • Published:
Polymer Bulletin Aims and scope Submit manuscript

Abstract

Mechanical activation (MA) of industrial carbon black (CB) by steel milling bodies with a diameter of 2 and 8 mm in air is performed. It was found that in the process of MA, the size of the CB aggregates decreases by an order of magnitude. The oxygen content on the carbon surface increases from 1.8 to 8.0 wt.%. Rubbers were prepared and vulcanized from methyl styrene-butadiene rubber (MSBR) industrial and mechanically activated CB; their dynamic mechanical analysis was carried out and strength indicators were determined. The temperature dependences of storage modulus E′ and mechanical loss factor tan δ were obtained. It was found that the glass transition temperature Tg of rubbers with the introduction of MA CB decreases to − 56 °C, compared with industrial CB: − 52 °C. This is due to the smaller size of the CB aggregates and the high oxygen content on the carbon surface. Strength tests have shown that for rubbers with mechanically activated CB, the maximum values of strength and elongation increase by more than 20% compared with the rubbers that contain industrial CB.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this article

Log in via an institution

Price excludes VAT (USA)
Tax calculation will be finalised during checkout.

Instant access to the full article PDF.

Institutional subscriptions

Fig. 1
Fig. 2
Fig. 3
Fig. 4
Fig. 5
Fig. 6

Similar content being viewed by others

References

  1. Long ChM, Nascarella MA, Valberg PA (2013) Carbon black vs. black carbon and other airborne materials containing elemental carbon: Physical and chemical distinctions. Environ Pollut 181:271–286. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envpol.2013.06.009

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  2. Donnet JB, Bansal RC, Wang MJ (1993) Carbon Black Science and Technology. Marcel Dekker, New York

    Google Scholar 

  3. Lockwood . Parametric study of a carbon black oil furnace.

  4. Combustion Flame 103:76–90.http://dx.doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/0010-2180(95)00053-9

  5. Khodabakhshi S, Fulvio PF, Andre E (2020) Carbon black reborn: Structure and chemistry for renewable energy harnessing. Carbon 162:604–649. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.carbon.2020.02.058

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  6. Medalia AI (1967) Morphology of aggregates: I Calculation of shape and bulkiness factors; application to computer-simulated random flocs. J Coll Interface Science 24:393–404

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  7. Min-Joo K, Young-Jung H, Fan-Long J, Soo-Jin P (2016) A review: role of interfacial adhesion between carbon blacks and elastomeric materials. Carbon Lett 18:1–10. https://doi.org/10.5714/CL.2016.18.001

    Article  Google Scholar 

  8. Luo K, You G, Zhao X, Lu L, Wang W, Wu S (2019) Synergistic effects of antioxidant and silica on enhancing thermo-oxidative resistance of natural rubber: Insights from experiments and molecular simulations. Mater Des 181:107944. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.matdes.2019.107944

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  9. Diaz de Tuesta JL, Quintanilla A, Casas JA, Rodriguez JJ (2017) Kinetic modeling of wet peroxide oxidation with a carbon catalyst. Appl Catal B 209:701–710. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apcatb.2017.03.031

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  10. Serizawa H, Nakamura T, Ito M, Tanaka K, Nomura A (1983) Effect of oxidation black surface on the properties of carbon black-natural rubber systems. Polym J 15:201–206

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  11. Baklanova ON, Drozdov VA, Lavrenov AV, Vasilevich AV, Muromtsev IV, Trenikhin MV, Arbuzov AB, Likholobov VA, Gorbunova OV (2015) Mechanical activation of graphite in air: A way to advanced carbon nanomaterials. J Alloys and Compounds 646:145–154. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jallcom.2015.05.090

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  12. Baklanova ON, Knyazeva OA, Lavrenov AV, Drozdov VA, Trenikhin MV, Arbusov AB, Kuznetsova YuV, Rempel AA (2019) Mechanical treatment as highly effective method of physico-chemical properties control of carbon black. Microporous Mesoporous Mater 279:193–200. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.micromeso.2018.12.013

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  13. Avvakumov EG (2009) Fundamentals of mechanical activation, mechanosynthesis and mechanochemical technologies. Publishing House of SB RAS, Novosibirsk

    Google Scholar 

  14. Shi PW, Li QY, Ch LY, Wu ChF (2014) Preparation and characterization of poly(sodium 4-styrenesulfonate)-decorated hydrophilic carbon black by one-step in situ ball milling. Colloids Surf, A 443:135–140. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.colsurfa.2013.10.060

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  15. Li ZQ, Zhou Y (2010) Structural evolution of a graphite-diamond mixture during ball-milling. Physica B 405:1004–1010. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.physb.2009.10.042

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  16. Nikonova RM, Larionova NS, Ladyanov VI, AksenovaV V, Rud AD, Kirian IM (2016) Changes of the structure of fullerite and graphite during their mechanical activation. J Alloys and Compounds 682:61–69. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jallcom.2016.04.283

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  17. Borunova A B, Zhernovenkova Yu V, Streletskii A N, Portnoy V K(2000) Determination of energy intensity of mechanochemical reactors of different types. Book of abstracts of INCOME-3, Prague

  18. Grigorieva TF, Barinov AP, Lyakhov NC (2008) Mechanochemical synthesis in metallic systems. Parallel. Pudl, Novosibirsk

    Google Scholar 

  19. Robertson CC, Lin CJ, Rackaitid M, Roland CM (2008) Influence of Particle Size and Polymer-Filler Coupling on Viscoelastic Glass Transition of Particle-Reinforced Polymers. Macromolecules 41:2727–2731. https://doi.org/10.1021/ma7022364

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  20. Bandyopadhyay S, De PP, Tripathy DK, De SK (1995) Effect of Chemical Interaction Between Surface Oxidized Carbon Black and Carboxylated Nitrile Rubber on Dynamic Properties. Journal of 68:719–727. https://doi.org/10.1002/app.1995.070580405

    Article  Google Scholar 

  21. Farida E, Bukit N, Marlina E, Bunga G, Bukit F (2019) The effect of carbon black composition in natural rubber compound. Case Studies Thermal Eng 16:100566

    Article  Google Scholar 

  22. Schroder A, Kluppe l M, Schuster R H, (2007) Characterization of Surface Activity of Carbon Black and its Relation to Polymer-Filler Interaction. Macromol Mater Eng 292:885–916. https://doi.org/10.1002/mame.200700032

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  23. Xu S, J. LI, Q. Ye, L. Shen, H. Lin, (2021) Flame-retardant ethylene vinyl acetate composite materials by combining additions of aluminum hydroxide and melamine cyanurate: Preparation and characteristic evaluations. J Colloid Interface Sci 582:525–531. https://doi.org/10.1016/j,jcis.2021.01.0250021-9797

    Article  Google Scholar 

  24. Fritzsche J, Kluppe l M, (2011) Structural dynamics and interfacial properties of filler-reinforced elastomers. J. Phys Condens Matter 23:035104

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  25. Berki P, Gobl R, Karger-Kocsis J (2018) Structure and properties of styrene-butadiene rubber (SBR) with pyrolytic and industrial carbon blacks. Polym Testing 67:46–54. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.polymertesting.2017.05.039

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  26. Barrett EP, Joiner LG, Halenda PH (1951) The determination of pore volume and area distributions in porous substances. I. Computations from Nitrogen Isotherms. J Amer Chem Soc 73:373–380. https://doi.org/10.1021/ja01145a126

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  27. Gregg SJ, Sing KSW (1982) Adsorption. Academic Press, London, Surface and Porosity

    Google Scholar 

  28. Thommes M, Kaneko K, Neimark AV, Olivier JP, Rodriguez-Reinozo F, Rouquerol J, Sing KSW (2015) Physisorption of gases, with special reference to the evaluation of surface area and pore size distribution (IUPAC Technical Report). Pure Appl Chem 87:1051–1069

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  29. Thommes M, Cychosz KA (2014) Physical adsorption characterization of nanoporous materials: progress and challenges. Adsorption 20:233–250. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10450-014-9606-z

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  30. Boehm H P (1994) Some aspects of the surface chemistry of carbon blacks and other carbons. Carbon 32:759–769.http://dx.doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/0008-6223(94)90031-0 ( 2015) Formation of graphene aqueous suspensions using fluorinated surfactant-assisted ultrasonication of pristine graphite. Carbon 84:38–46.

  31. Herd Ch, Edwards Ch, Curtis J, Crossley S, Schomberg K, Gross Th, Steinhauser N, Kloppenberg H, Hardy D, Lucassen A (2011) Use of surface-treated carbon blacks in an elastomer to reduce compound hysteresis and tire rolling resistance and improve wet traction. Pat WO 2011(028337):A3

    Google Scholar 

  32. Gessler AM (1964) The Reinforcement of butyl with carbon black. Part I, Rubber Age 94:598–606

    Google Scholar 

  33. Hess WH, Lyon F, Burgess KA (1967) Einfluss der Adhäsion zwischen Ruß und kautschuk auf die eigenschaften der vulkanisate. Kautschuk Gummi Kunstst 20:135–141

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  34. Monas-Zloczower NA, Tadmor Z (1982) Dispersive Mixing in Internal Mixers—A Theoretical Model Based on Agglomerate Rupture. Rubber Chem Technol 55:1250–1276

    Article  Google Scholar 

  35. Pliskin I, Tokita N (1972) Bound rubber in elastomers: Analysis of elastomer-filler interaction and its effect on viscosity and modulus of composite systems. J Appl Pol Sci 16:473–488

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  36. Medalia AJ (1961) Dispersion of Carbon Black in Rubber: Revised Calculation Procedure. Rubber Chem Technol 34:1134–1140

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  37. Robertson CG, Hardman NJ (2021) Nature of carbon black reinforcement of rubber: perspective on the original polymer nanocomposite. Polymers 13:538–566

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

Download references

Acknowledgements

This work was supported by the Ministry of Science and Higher Education of the Russian Federation within the governmental order for Boreskov Institute of Catalysis (Project AAAA-A21-121011890076-8). The studies were carried out using facilities of the shared research center “National center of investigation of catalysts” at Boreskov Institute of Catalysis and of the Omsk Regional Center for Collective Use of the Siberian Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences.

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Center of New Chemical Technologies BIC, Boreskov Institute of Catalysis, 54 Neftezavodskaya Str, Omsk, Russian Federation, 644040

    O. N. Baklanova, O. A. Knyazheva, A. V. Lavrenov, V. A. Drozdov & M. V. Trenikhin

Authors
  1. O. N. Baklanova
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  2. O. A. Knyazheva
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  3. A. V. Lavrenov
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  4. V. A. Drozdov
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  5. M. V. Trenikhin
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Corresponding author

Correspondence to O. A. Knyazheva.

Additional information

Publisher's Note

Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

About this article

Check for updates. Verify currency and authenticity via CrossMark

Cite this article

Baklanova, O.N., Knyazheva, O.A., Lavrenov, A.V. et al. Effect of the aggregates size and oxygen content of carbon black on elastic characteristics of rubber. Polym. Bull. 79, 9503–9521 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00289-021-03894-5

Download citation

  • Received:

  • Revised:

  • Accepted:

  • Published:

  • Issue Date:

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s00289-021-03894-5

Keywords

Search

Navigation