Skip to main content
SpringerLink
Log in

Investigation of dielectric relaxation behavior, electric modulus and a.c conductivity of low doped polyaniline cadmium oxide (PANI-CdO) nanocomposites

  • Original Paper
  • Published:
Polymer Bulletin Aims and scope Submit manuscript

Abstract

In situ chemical polymerization method was used to synthesize the polyaniline (PANI) and polyaniline cadmium oxide (PANI-CdO) nanocomposites. The morphology and structure of pure PANI and PANI-CdO nanocomposites were characterized by scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and X-ray diffraction (XRD) analysis, whereas electrical properties were studied by dielectric, electric modulus and a.c conductivity. Various dopant-to-polymer ratios were used to investigate their effect on the characteristics of the synthesized samples. The SEM images exhibited granular as well as flaky structures of PANI and PANI-CdO nanocomposites. The XRD patterns revealed that pure PANI exhibits amorphous nature, while PANI-CdO nanocomposites exhibit polycrystalline nature. The crystallinity and intensity of (XRD) peaks of composite are enhanced by increasing CdO contents. The dielectric measurements show a decrease in dielectric constant, dielectric loss and a decrease in tangent loss with the increase in frequency and nearly constant values at higher frequencies, while the values of dielectric properties increase with the rise in temperature and doping concentration. The electric field modulus was used to analyze the relaxation behavior of the synthesized samples and found to be increased with frequency and decreased with the temperature and CdO concentration. The a.c conductivity was observed to increase with the increase in frequency and temperature for PANI and PANI-CdO composites. The changing behavior of the frequency exponent (S) at various temperatures was analyzed to observe different conduction mechanisms, and a correlated barrier hopping model (CBH) was found to be observed in PANI-CdO composites as well as in pure PANI. The Log a.c conductivity decreases versus the inverse of temperature and with increase in frequency that confirms that the hopping mechanism is the dominant charge transport mechanism.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this article

Log in via an institution

Price excludes VAT (USA)
Tax calculation will be finalised during checkout.

Instant access to the full article PDF.

Institutional subscriptions

Fig. 1
Fig. 2
Fig. 3
Fig. 4
Fig. 5
Fig. 6
Fig. 7
Fig. 8
Fig. 9
Fig. 10
Fig. 11

Similar content being viewed by others

References

  1. Parker ID (1994) Carrier tunneling and device characteristics in polymer light-emitting diodes. J Appl Phys 75:1656–1666. https://doi.org/10.1063/1.356350

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  2. Jeon H, Ding J, Nurmikko AV, Xie W, Grillo DC, Kobayashi M, Gunshor RL, Hua GC, Otsuka N (1992) Blue and green diode lasers in ZnSe‐based quantum wells. Appl Phys Lett 60:2045–2047. https://doi.org/10.1063/1.107109

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  3. Rolo AG, Vieira LG, Gomes MJM, Ribeiro JL, Belsley MS, Santos MP (1998) Growth and characterisation of cadmium sulphide nanocrystals embedded in silicon dioxide films. Thin Solid Films 312:348–353. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0040-6090(97)00233-2

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  4. Manickathai K, Viswanathan SK, Alagar M (2008) Synthesis and characterization of CdO and CdS nanoparticles. Indian J Pure App Phys 46:561–564. https://www.researchgate.net/publication/279548537

  5. Majid A, Afza Z, Mutaza S, Nabi G, Ahmad N (2013) Synthesis and characterization of silver doped cadmium oxide nanoparticles. J Adv Phys 02:116–118. https://doi.org/10.1166/jap.2013.1058

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  6. Kondawar S, Mahore R, Dahegaonkar A, Agrawal S (2011) Electrical conductivity of cadmium oxide nanoparticles embedded polyaniline nanocomposites. Adv App Sci Res 2:401–406. https://www.pelagiaresearchlibrary.com

  7. Heidari A, Brown C (2015) Study of composition and morphology of cadmium oxide (Cdo) nanoparticles for eliminating cancer cells. J Nanomed Res 2:1–20. https://doi.org/10.15406/jnmr.2015.02.00042

    Article  Google Scholar 

  8. Ferro R, Rodriguez JA (2000) Influence of F-doping on the transmittance and electron affinity of CdO thin films suitable for solar cells technology. Energy Mater Sol Cells 64:363–370. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0927-0248(00)00228-2

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  9. Li J, Ni YH, Liu J, Hong J (2009) Preparation, conversion, and comparison of the photocatalytic property of Cd(OH)2, CdO, CdS and CdSe. J Phys Chem Solids 70:1285–1289. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jpcs.2009.07.014

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  10. Liu Y, Zhang YC, Xu XF (2009) Hydrothermal synthesis and photocatalytic activity of CdO2 nanocrystals. J Hazard Mater 163:1310–1314. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhazmat.2008.07.101

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  11. Lu HB, Liao L, Li JC, Wang DF, He H, Fu Q, Xu L, Tian Y (2006) High surface-to-volume ratio ZnO microberets: low temperature synthesis, characterization, and photoluminescence. J Phys Chem B 110:23211–23214. https://doi.org/10.1021/jp064079r

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  12. Laranjeira JMG, Khoury HJ, de Azevedo WM, da Silva Jr EF, da Vasconcelos EA (2002) A silicon-polymer heterostructure for sensor applications. Braz J Phys 32:421–423. https://doi.org/10.1590/S0103-97332002000200050

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  13. Kalaycioglu E, Akbulut U, Toppare L (1996) Conducting composites of polypyrrole with polytetramethylbisphenol a carbonate. J Appl Polym Sci 61:1067–1075. https://doi.org/10.1002/(SICI)1097-4628(19960815)61:7<1067::AID-APP1>3.0.CO;2-K

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  14. Koezuka H, Tsumura A (1989) Field-effect transistor utilizing conducting polymers. Synth Met 28:C-753–760. https://doi.org/10.1016/0379-6779(89)90600-0

  15. Gustafsson G, Treacy GM, Cao Y, Klavetter F, Colaneri N, Heeger AJ (1993) The “plastic” led: A flexible light-emitting device using a polyaniline transparent electrode. Synth Met 57:4123–4127. https://doi.org/10.1016/0379-6779(93)90568-H

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  16. Chiang JC, Macdiarmid AG (1986) ‘Polyaniline’: Protonic acid doping of the emeraldine form to the metallic regime. Synth Met 13:193–205. https://doi.org/10.1016/0379-6779(86)90070-6

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  17. Gustafsson G, Cao Y, Treacy GM, Klavetter F, Colaneri N, Heeger AJ (1992) Flexible light-Emitting diodes from soluble conducting polymers. Nature 357:477–479. https://doi.org/10.1038/357477a0

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  18. Sailor MJ, Ginsburg EJ, Gorman CB, Kumar A, Grubbs RH, Lewis NS (1990) Thin films of n-Si/Poly-(CH3)3Si-Cyclooctatetraene: conducting-polymer solar cells and layered structures. Science 249:1146–1149. https://doi.org/10.1126/science.249.4973.1146

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  19. Li L, Jiang J, Xu F (2007) Synthesis and ferrimagnetic properties of novel Sm-substituted LiNi ferrite–polyaniline nanocomposite. Mater Lett 61:1091–1096. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.matlet.2006.06.061

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  20. Ayad MM, Zaki EA (2008) Doping of polyaniline films with organic sulfonic acids in aqueous media and the effect of water on these doped films. Eur Polymer J 44:3741–3747. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.eurpolymj.2008.08.012

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  21. Chung SF, Wen TC, Gopalan A (2005) Influence of dopant size on the junction properties of polyaniline. Mater Sci Eng B 116:125–130. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.mseb.2004.09.023

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  22. Long Y, Chen Z, Wang N, Li J, Wan M (2004) Electronic transport in PANI-CSA/PANI-DBSA polyblends. Phys B: Conden Matter 344:82–87. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.physb.2003.09.245

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  23. Roy AS, Anilkumar KR, Ambika Prasad MVN (2012) Studies of AC conductivity and dielectric relaxation behavior of CdO-doped nanometric polyaniline. J Appl Polymer Sci 123:1928–1934. https://doi.org/10.1002/app.34696

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  24. Xu JC, Liu WM, Li HL (2005) Titanium dioxide doped polyaniline. Mater Sci Eng C 25:444–447. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.msec.2004.11.003

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  25. Mo TC, Wang HW, Chen SY, Yeh YC (2008) Synthesis and dielectric properties of polyaniline/titanium dioxide nanocomposites. Ceram Int 34:1767–1771. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ceramint.2007.06.002

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  26. Shi L, Wang X, Lu L, Yang X, Wu X (2009) Preparation of TiO2/polyaniline nanocomposite from a lyotropic liquid crystalline solution. Synth Met 159:2525–2529. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.synthmet.2009.08.056

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  27. Jia W, Segal E, Kornemandel D, Lamhot Y, Narkis M, Siegmann A (2002) Polyaniline–DBSA/organophilic clay nanocomposites: synthesis and characterization. Synth Met 128:115–120. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0379-6779(01)00672-5

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  28. Liu P (2008) Preparation and characterization of conducting polyaniline/silica nanosheet composites. Mater Sci 12:9–13. https://doi.org/10.1016/J.COSSMS.2009.01.001

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  29. Jing S, Xing S, Yu L, Wu Y, Zhao C (2007) Synthesis and characterization of Ag/polyaniline core–shell nanocomposites based on silver nanoparticles colloid. Mater Lett 61:2794–2797. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.matlet.2006.10.032

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  30. Khanna PK, Singh N, Charan S, Visawanath AK (2005) Synthesis of Ag/polyaniline nanocomposite via an in situ photo-redox mechanism. Mater Chem Phys 92:214–219. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.matchemphys.2005.01.011

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  31. Kim BH, Jung JH, Kim JW, Choi HJ, Joo J (2001) Physical characterization of polyaniline-Na+-montmorillonite nanocomposite intercalated by emulsion polymerization. Synth Met 117:115–118. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0379-6779(00)00549-X

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  32. He Y (2005) Synthesis of polyaniline/nano-CeO2 composite microspheres via a solid-stabilized emulsion route. Mater Chem Phys 92:134–137. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.matchemphys.2005.01.033

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  33. Xue W, Fang K, Qiu H, Li J, Mao W (2006) Electrical and magnetic properties of the Fe3O4–polyaniline nanocomposite pellets containing DBSA-doped polyaniline and HCl-doped polyaniline with Fe3O4 nanoparticles. Synth Met 156:506–509. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.synthmet.2005.06.021

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  34. Olad A, Barati M, Shirmohammadi H (2011) Conductivity and anticorrosion performance of polyaniline/zinc composites: investigation of zinc particle size and distribution effect. Prog Org Coat 72:599–604. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.porgcoat.2011.06.022

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  35. Zhang X, Ji L, Zhang S, Yang W (2007) Synthesis of a novel polyaniline-intercalated layered manganese oxide nanocomposite as electrode material for electrochemical capacitor. J Power Sources 173:1017–1023. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jpowsour.2007.08.083

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  36. Shakoor A, Anwar H, Rizvi TZ (2008) Structural and electrical properties of doped polypyrrole and its composite with montmorillonite clay. J Compos Mater 42:2101–2109. https://doi.org/10.1134/S0965545X1304010X

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  37. Zargar RA, Chackarabarti S, Arora M, Hafiz AK (2016) Synthesis, characterization and interpretation of screen-printed nanocrystalline CdO thick film for optoelectronic applications. Int Nano Lett 6:99–104. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40089-015-0172-5

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  38. Xingwei L, Wang G, Xiaoxuan L, Dongming L (2004) Surface properties of polyaniline/nano-TiO2 composites. Appl Surf Sci 229:395–401. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apsusc.2004.02.022

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  39. Zheng L, Xu Y, Jin D, Xie Y (2011) Polyaniline-intercalated molybdenum oxide nanocomposites: simultaneous synthesis and their enhanced application for supercapacitor. Chem Asian J 6:1505–1514. https://doi.org/10.1002/asia.201000770

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  40. Jaidev RI, Jafri AK, Mishra SR (2011) Polyaniline–MnO2 nanotube hybrid nanocomposite as supercapacitor electrode material in acidic electrolyte. J Mater Chem 21:17601–17605. https://doi.org/10.1039/C1JM13191E

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  41. Bragg WL (1913) The diffraction of short electromagnetic waves by a crystal. Proc Cambridge Philos Soc 17:43–57

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  42. Patterson AL (1939) The scherrer formula for X-ray particle size determination. Phys Rev American Phys Soc 56:978–982. https://link.aps.org/doi/10.1103/PhysRev.56.978

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  43. Ahmad Z (2012) Polymer dielectric materials. In: Dielectric Material. University Sains Malaysia, pp 3–26. https://doi.org/10.5772/50638

  44. Psarras GC (2006) Hopping conductivity in polymer matrix–metal particles composites. Compos Part A Appl Sci Manuf 37:1545–1553. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.compositesa.2005.11.004

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  45. Wang L, Dang ZM (2005) Carbon nanotube composites with high dielectric constant at low percolation threshold. Appl Phys Lett 87(1–3):042903. https://doi.org/10.1063/1.1996842

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  46. Pinto NJ, Sinha GP, Aliev FM (1998) Frequency-dependent conductivity and dielectric permittivity of emeraldine base and weakly doped poly(o-toluidine). Synth Met 94:199–203. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0379-6779(98)00003-4

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  47. Patankar KK, Dombale PD, Mathe VL, Patil SA, Patil RN (2001) AC conductivity and magnetoelectric effect in MnFe1.8Cr0.2O4–BaTiO3 composites. Mater Sci Eng B 87:53–58. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0921-5107(01)00695-X

  48. Idrees M, Nadeem M, Atif M, Siddique M, Mehmood M, Hassan MM (2011) Origin of colossal dielectric response in LaFeO3. Acta Mater 59:1338–1345. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.actamat.2010.10.066

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  49. Vishwanathan B, Murthy VRK (1990) Ferrite materials: science and technology. In: Ferrite materials. Narosa Publishing House, New Delhi, p 6

    Google Scholar 

  50. Maxwell JC (1892) A treatise on electricity and magnetism, 3rd edn. Clarendon press, Oxford

    Google Scholar 

  51. Wagner KW (1914) Explanation of the dielectric after-effect processes on the basis of Maxwell's ideas. Arch Elektrotech 2:371–387. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF01657322

    Article  Google Scholar 

  52. Wagner KW (1913) The distribution of relaxation times in typical dielectrics. Ann Phys 40:817–855

    Article  Google Scholar 

  53. Himansh AK, Ray DK, Sinha TP (2005) Ac conductivity of conducting polymer prepared with the use of water soluble support polymer. Indian J Phys 79:1049–1052. https://192.168.1.41:8080/xmlui/handle/123456789/2292

    Google Scholar 

  54. Matteeva ES (1996) Residual water as a factor influencing the electrical properties of polyaniline. The role of hydrogen bonding of the polymer with solvent molecules in the formation of a conductive polymeric network. Synth Met 79:127–139. https://doi.org/10.1016/0379-6779(96)80180-9

    Article  Google Scholar 

  55. Bhat S, Khosa SK, Kotru PN, Tandon RP (1995) Dielectric studies of lanthanum heptamolybdate crystals grown from gels. Mater Sci Eng B 309:7–11. https://doi.org/10.1016/0921-5107(94)01129-x

    Article  Google Scholar 

  56. Mantas PQ (1999) Dielectric response of materials: extension to the debye model. J Eur Ceram Soc 19:2079–2086. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0955-2219(98)00273-8

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  57. Tonks DL, Silver RN (1982) Small-polaron models for the hydrogen-concentration dependence of hydrogen diffusion in Nb. Phys Rev B 26(12):6455–6469. https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevB.26.6455

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  58. Ghosh A (1990) ac conduction in iron bismuthate glassy semiconductors. Phys Rev B 42(2):1388–1393. https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevB.42.1388

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  59. Pike GE (1972) ac conductivity of scandium oxide and a new hopping model for conductivity. Phys Rev B 6(4):1572–1580. https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevB.6.1572

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  60. Jonscher AK (1977) The ‘universal’ dielectric response. Nature 267:673–679. https://doi.org/10.1038/267673a0

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  61. Long AR (1982) Frequency-dependent loss in amorphous semiconductors. Adv Phys 31:553–637. https://doi.org/10.1080/00018738200101418

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  62. Farid AM, Atyia HE, Hegab NA (2005) AC conductivity and dielectric properties of Sb2Te3 thin films. Vacuum 80:284–294. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.vacuum.2005.05.003

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  63. Elliott SR (1978) Temperature dependence of a.c. conductivity of chalcogenide glasses. Philos Mag B 37:553–560. https://doi.org/10.1080/01418637808226448

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  64. Street RA, Mott NF (1975) States in the gap in glassy semiconductors. Phys Rev Lett 35:1293–1296. https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevLett.35.1293

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  65. Shimakawa K (1982) On the temperature dependence of a.c. conduction in chalcogenide glasses. Philos Mag B 46:123–135. https://doi.org/10.1080/13642818208246429

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  66. Rockstad HK (1969) Evidence for hopping conduction in amorphous chalcogenide films. Solid State Commun 7:1507–1509. https://doi.org/10.1016/0038-1098(69)90031-3

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  67. Rockstad HK (1971) Comments on the a.c. conductivity of amorphous chalcogenides. Solid State Commun 9:2233–2237. https://doi.org/10.1016/0038-1098(71)90637-5

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Physics, Bahauddin Zakariya University, Multan, 60800, Pakistan

    Nadeem Anwar, Abdul Shakoor, Niaz Ahmad Niaz, Muhammad Qasim & Muhammad Irfan

  2. U.S.-Pakistan Center for Advanced Studies in Energy(USPCAS-E), National University of Science and Technology (NUST), Islamabad, 44000, Pakistan

    Ghulam Ali

  3. National Institute of Laser and Optronics (NILOP), Islamabad, Pakistan

    Arshad Mahmood

Authors
  1. Nadeem Anwar
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  2. Abdul Shakoor
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  3. Niaz Ahmad Niaz
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  4. Ghulam Ali
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  5. Muhammad Qasim
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  6. Muhammad Irfan
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  7. Arshad Mahmood
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Nadeem Anwar.

Additional information

Publisher's Note

Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

About this article

Check for updates. Verify currency and authenticity via CrossMark

Cite this article

Anwar, N., Shakoor, A., Niaz, N.A. et al. Investigation of dielectric relaxation behavior, electric modulus and a.c conductivity of low doped polyaniline cadmium oxide (PANI-CdO) nanocomposites. Polym. Bull. 79, 6581–6600 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00289-021-03766-y

Download citation

  • Received:

  • Revised:

  • Accepted:

  • Published:

  • Issue Date:

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s00289-021-03766-y

Keywords

Search

Navigation