Abstract
A novel composite adsorbent was prepared from chitosan (Ch) and sepiolite (S) for removal of Pb(II) from aqueous solution. The Ch-S composite beads were successfully synthesized by crosslinking epichlorohydrin (ECH) and tripolyphosphate (NaTPP). A number of physicochemical parameters such as, pH, initial Pb(II) concentration, temperature, contact time and desorption have been studied during the adsorption process. Experimental data acquired from batch adsorption tests have been analyzed by three isotherm models (Langmuir, Freundlich and Dubinin–Radushkevich), and three kinetic models including the pseudo-first-order, the pseudo-second-order and intraparticle diffusion equations using nonlinear regression technique. Langmuir isotherm was the best to fit the experimental data (R2 = 0.971). The maximum adsorption capacity was 0.158 mol kg−1 from Langmuir isotherm model. Maximum removal efficiency was found approximately 66% for the initial Pb(II) concentration of 1000 mg/L, adsorbent dosage of 100 mg and agitation speed of 150 rpm at pH 4.5. The adsorption free energy was found as EDR (15.8 kJ mol−1), which indicated that Pb(II) adsorption process onto Ch-S composite was chemically performed. The kinetic studies have shown that the best fitted kinetic model is the pseudo-first order (R2 = 0.979). Adsorption enthalpy value was determined as 18.7 kJ mol−1, adsorption entropy was found as 106 J mol−1 K−1, and Gibbs free energy was found as 12.9 kJ mol−1. The thermodynamic parameters showed that the adsorption of Pb(II) on Ch-S was endothermic, possible and spontaneous.
Similar content being viewed by others
References
Masindi V, Muedi KL (2018) Environmental contamination by heavy metals. Heavy Metals 10:115–132
Shawai SAA et al. (2017) A Review on heavy metals contamination in water and soil: effects, sources and phytoremediation techniques. Int J Min Process Extr Metall 2(2):21–27
Shiomi, N, An assessment of the Causes of Lead pollution and the efficiency of bioremediation by plants and microorganisms. Advances in Bioremediation of Wastewater and Polluted Soil.: InTech, 2015: p. 247-274.
Singh N, Li JH (2014) Environmental impacts of lead ore mining and smelting. In: Advanced Materials Research. Trans Tech Publ 878:338–347
Craxford S (1983) Pollution from lead in petrol. Oil Petrochem Pollut 1(4):285–290
Bu N et al. (2020) Synthesis of NaY zeolite from coal gangue and its characterization for lead removal from aqueous solution. Adv Powder Technol 31(7):2699–2710
Demayo A et al. (1982) Toxic effects of lead and lead compounds on human health, aquatic life, wildlife plants, and livestock. Crit Rev Environ Sci Technol 12(4):257–305
Kumar A et al. (2020) Lead Toxicity: Health Hazards, Influence on Food Chain, and Sustainable Remediation Approaches. Int J Environ Res Public Health 17(7):2179
Gholinejad, B, et al., Effects of lead ions on germination, initial growth, and physiological characteristics of Lolium perenne L. species and its bioaccumulation potential. Environmental Science and Pollution Research, 2020: p. 1–9.
Dong L et al. (2010) Removal of lead from aqueous solution by hydroxyapatite/magnetite composite adsorbent. Chem Eng J 165(3):827–834
Idris SA et al. (2011) Large pore diameter MCM-41 and its application for lead removal from aqueous media. J Hazard Mater 185(2–3):898–904
Perret S et al. (2000) Polarographic study of the removal of cadmium (II) and lead (II) from dilute aqueous solution by a synthetic flocculant comparison with copper (II) and nickel (II). Water Res 34(14):3614–3620
Esalah JO, Weber ME, Vera JH (2000) Removal of lead, cadmium and zinc from aqueous solutions by precipitation with sodium Di-(n-octyl) phosphinate. Canadian J Chem Eng 78(5):948–954
Ahmed S, Chughtai S, Keane MA (1998) The removal of cadmium and lead from aqueous solution by ion exchange with NaY zeolite. Sep Purif Technol 13(1):57–64
Rashida WT, Alkadira IA, Jalhoom MG (2020) Effect of Operating Conditions on the Removal of Heavy and Radioactive Elements by Reverse Osmosis Membrane. Al-Qadisiyah J Eng Sci 13(3):240–245
Meng X et al. (2020) Removal of chemical oxygen demand and ammonia nitrogen from lead smelting wastewater with high salts content using electrochemical oxidation combined with coagulation–flocculation treatment. Sep Purif Technol 235:116233
Chakraborty R et al. (2020) Adsorption of heavy metal ions by various low-cost adsorbents: a review. Int J Environ Anal Chem. https://doi.org/10.1080/03067319.2020.1722811
Singh S, Wasewar KL, Kansal SK (2020) Low-cost adsorbents for removal of inorganic impurities from wastewater. Inorganic Pollutants in Water. Elsevier, pp 173–203
Xiao Z et al. (2020) Simultaneous removal of NO and SO2 with a new recycling micro-nano bubble oxidation-absorption process based on HA-Na. Sep Purif Technol. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.seppur.2020.116788
Ahmad N et al. (2020) Chitosan Based Nanocomposites as Efficient Adsorbents for Water Treatment. Modern Age Waste Water Problems. Springer, pp 69–83
Zhang S et al. (2020) Fabrication of L-cysteine stabilized α-FeOOH nanocomposite on porous hydrophilic biochar as an effective adsorbent for Pb2+ removal. Sci Total Environt. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.137415
Bhattacharjee S et al. (2003) Removal of lead from contaminated water bodies using sea nodule as an adsorbent. Water Res 37(16):3954–3966
El-Ashtoukhy E-S, Amin NK, Abdelwahab O (2008) Removal of lead (II) and copper (II) from aqueous solution using pomegranate peel as a new adsorbent. Desalination 223(1–3):162–173
Ho Y, Wase D, Forster C (1996) Removal of lead ions from aqueous solution using sphagnum moss peat as adsorbent. WATER SA-PRETORIA- 22:219–224
Gupta VK, Agarwal S, Saleh TA (2011) Synthesis and characterization of alumina-coated carbon nanotubes and their application for lead removal. J Hazard Mater 185(1):17–23
Li Y-H et al. (2006) Different morphologies of carbon nanotubes effect on the lead removal from aqueous solution. Diam Relat Mater 15(1):90–94
Seniūnaitė, J Vaiškūnaitė,R and Bolutienė R (2014) Coffee grounds as an adsorbent for copper and lead removal form aqueous solutions. In :The 9th International Conference “ ENVIRONMENTAL ENGINEERING”, VGTU Press. 2014.
Ibrahim MM et al. (2010) A novel agricultural waste adsorbent for the removal of lead (II) ions from aqueous solutions. J Hazard Mater 182(1–3):377–385
Salem A, Sene RA (2011) Removal of lead from solution by combination of natural zeolite–kaolin–bentonite as a new low-cost adsorbent. Chem Eng J 174(2–3):619–628
Aghel B et al. (2020) Use of modified Iranian clinoptilolite zeolite for cadmium and lead removal from oil refinery wastewater. Int J Environ Sci Technol 17(3):1239–1250
Farahani SD, Zolgharnein J (2020) Multivariate optimization of high removal of lead (II) using an efficient synthesized Ni-based metal–organic framework adsorbent. Chinese J Chem Eng 29:146–153
Medeiros VL et al. (2020) Synthesis and physicochemical characterization of a novel adsorbent based on yttrium silicate: a potential material for removal of lead and cadmium from aqueous media. J Environ Chem Eng. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jece.2020.103922
Pirhaji JZ et al. (2020) Synthesis and characterization of halloysite/graphene quantum dots magnetic nanocomposite as a new adsorbent for Pb (II) removal from water. J Mol Liq 300:112345
Gao J et al. (2020) A promising and cost-effective biochar adsorbent derived from jujube pit for the removal of Pb (II) from aqueous solution. Sci Rep 10(1):1–13
Onundi Y et al. (2011) Heavy metals removal from synthetic wastewater by a novel nano-size composite adsorbent. Int J Environ Sci Technol 8(4):799–806
Lim S-H, Hudson SM (2003) Review of chitosan and its derivatives as antimicrobial agents and their uses as textile chemicals. Journal of macromolecular science, part C: Polymer reviews 43(2):223–269
Dutta, PK, Dutta J, and Tripathi V (2004) Chitin and chitosan: Chemistry, properties and applications. 2004.
Hernández-Téllez CN, Plascencia-Jatomea M, Cortez-Rocha MO (2016) Chitosan-based bionanocomposites: development and perspectives in food and agricultural applications. Chitosan in the preservation of agricultural commodities. Elsevier, pp 315–338
Colmenares JC, Kuna E (2017) Photoactive hybrid catalysts based on natural and synthetic polymers: a comparative overview. Molecules 22(5):790
Peng H-L et al. (2019) Chitosan-derived mesoporous carbon with ultrahigh pore volume for amine impregnation and highly efficient CO2 capture. Chem Eng J 359:1159–1165
Prasad B, Mandal B (2018) Preparation and characterization of CO2-selective facilitated transport membrane composed of chitosan and poly (allylamine) blend for CO2/N2 separation. J Ind Eng Chem 66:419–429
Ilium L (1998) Chitosan and its use as a pharmaceutical excipient. Pharm Res 15(9):1326–1331
Singla A, Chawla M (2001) Chitosan: Some pharmaceutical and biological aspects-an update. J Pharm Pharmacol 53(8):1047–1067
Mohammed IA et al. (2020) Physicochemical modification of chitosan with fly ash and tripolyphosphate for removal of reactive red 120 dye: Statistical optimization and mechanism study. Int J Biol Macromol 161:503–513
Jawad AH, Abdulhameed AS, Mastuli MS (2020) Mesoporous crosslinked chitosan-activated charcoal composite for the removal of thionine cationic dye: comprehensive adsorption and mechanism study. J Polym Environ 28(3):1095–1105
Jawad AH, Mohammed IA, Abdulhameed AS (2020) Tuning of Fly Ash Loading into Chitosan-Ethylene Glycol Diglycidyl Ether Composite for Enhanced Removal of Reactive Red 120 Dye: Optimization Using the Box-Behnken Design. J Polym Environ 28(10):2720–2733
Jawad AH, Mubarak NSA, Abdulhameed AS (2020) Tunable Schiff’s base-cross-linked chitosan composite for the removal of reactive red 120 dye: adsorption and mechanism study. Int J Biol Macromol 142:732–741
Jawad AH et al. (2020) Adsorptive performance of carbon modified chitosan biopolymer for cationic dye removal: kinetic, isotherm, thermodynamic, and mechanism study. Int J Environ Anal Chem. https://doi.org/10.1080/03067319.2020.1807966
Jawad AH, Mubarak NSA, Abdulhameed AS (2020) Hybrid crosslinked chitosan-epichlorohydrin/TiO 2 nanocomposite for reactive red 120 dye adsorption: kinetic, isotherm, thermodynamic, and mechanism study. J Polym Environ 28(2):624–637
Abd Malek NN et al. (2020) New magnetic Schiff’s base-chitosan-glyoxal/fly ash/Fe3O4 biocomposite for the removal of anionic azo dye: An optimized process. Int J Biol Macromol 146:530–539
Jawad AH et al. (2020) Statistical optimization and modeling for color removal and COD reduction of reactive blue 19 dye by mesoporous chitosan-epichlorohydrin/kaolin clay composite. Int J Biol Macromol 164:4218–4230
Tunç S, Duman O, Çetinkaya A (2011) Electrokinetic and rheological properties of sepiolite suspensions in the presence of hexadecyltrimethylammonium bromide. Colloids Surf A 377(1–3):123–129
Duman O, Tunc S, Polat TG (2015) Adsorptive removal of triarylmethane dye (Basic Red 9) from aqueous solution by sepiolite as effective and low-cost adsorbent. Microporous Mesoporous Mater 210:176–184
Alvarez A (1984) Sepiolite: properties and uses. Developments in sedimentology. Elsevier, pp 253–287
Şenol ZM (2020) Kitosan-Vermikülit Kompoziti Kullanılarak Sulu Çözeltiden Etkin Kurşun Giderimi: Denge, Kinetik ve Termodinamik Çalışmalar. Akademik Platform Mühendislik ve Fen Bilimleri Dergisi 8(1):15–21
Vino AB et al. (2012) Extraction, characterization and in vitro antioxidative potential of chitosan and sulfated chitosan from Cuttlebone of Sepia aculeata Orbigny, 1848. Asian Pac J Trop Biomed 2(1):S334–S341
Fernandes Queiroz M et al. (2015) Does the use of chitosan contribute to oxalate kidney stone formation? Mar Drugs 13(1):141–158
Song H et al. (2013) Folic acid-chitosan conjugated nanoparticles for improving tumor-targeted drug delivery. BioMed Res Int. https://doi.org/10.1155/2013/723158
Ongen A et al. (2012) Adsorption of Astrazon Blue FGRL onto sepiolite from aqueous solutions. Desalin Water Treat 40(1–3):129–136
Jiang X et al. (2017) Development of organic–inorganic hybrid beads from sepiolite and cellulose for effective adsorption of malachite green. RSC Adv 7(62):38965–38972
Kumar S, Koh J (2012) Physiochemical, optical and biological activity of chitosan-chromone derivative for biomedical applications. Int J Mol Sci 13(5):6102–6116
Li Y et al. (2018) Effective removal of emulsified oil from oily wastewater using surfactant-modified sepiolite. Appl Clay Sci 157:227–236
García-Romero E, Suárez M (2014) Sepiolite-palygorskite polysomatic series: Oriented aggregation as a crystal growth mechanism in natural environments. Am Miner 99(8–9):1653–1661
Ilaiyaraja P et al. (2013) Adsorption of uranium from aqueous solution by PAMAM dendron functionalized styrene divinylbenzene. J Hazard Mater 250:155–166
Langmuir I (1916) The constitution and fundamental properties of solids and liquids Part I Solids. J Am chem soc 38(11):2221–2295
Celebi O et al. (2007) A radiotracer study of the adsorption behavior of aqueous Ba2+ ions on nanoparticles of zero-valent iron. J Hazard Mater 148(3):761–767
Cui X et al. (2016) Potential mechanisms of cadmium removal from aqueous solution by Canna indica derived biochar. Sci Total Environ 562:517–525
Ho Y, McKay G (1999) Comparative sorption kinetic studies of dye and aromatic compounds onto fly ash. Journal of Environmental Science & Health Part A 34(5):1179–1204
Qiu H et al. (2009) Critical review in adsorption kinetic models. Journal of Zhejiang University-Science A 10(5):716–724
Milonjić SK (2007) A consideration of the correct calculation of thermodynamic parameters of adsorption. J Serb Chem Soc 72(12):1363–1367
Jawad AH, Abdulhameed AS (2020) Facile synthesis of crosslinked chitosan-tripolyphosphate/kaolin clay composite for decolourization and COD reduction of remazol brilliant blue R dye: Optimization by using response surface methodology. Colloids Surf, A 605:125329
Jawad AH et al. (2020) Zwitterion composite chitosan-epichlorohydrin/zeolite for adsorption of methylene blue and reactive red 120 dyes. Int J Biol Macromol 163:756–765
Sheshmani S et al. (2015) Preparation of graphene oxide/chitosan/FeOOH nanocomposite for the removal of Pb (II) from aqueous solution. Int J Biol Macromol 80:475–480
Gupta N, Kushwaha A, Chattopadhyaya M (2012) Journal of the Taiwan Institute of Chemical Engineers composite from aqueous solution. J Taiwan Inst Chem Eng 43:125–131
Yari M et al. (2016) Removal of Pb (II) ion from aqueous solution by graphene oxide and functionalized graphene oxide-thiol: effect of cysteamine concentration on the bonding constant. Desalin Water Treat 57(24):11195–11210
Kabbashi NA et al. (2009) Kinetic adsorption of application of carbon nanotubes for Pb (II) removal from aqueous solution. J Environ Sci 21(4):539–544
Alavi S, Zilouei H, Asadinezhad A (2015) Otostegia persica biomass as a new biosorbent for the removal of lead from aqueous solutions. Int J Environ Sci Technol 12(2):489–498
Li K et al. (2018) Efficient removal of lead ions from water by a low-cost alginate-melamine hybrid sorbent. Appl Sci 8(9):1518
Zhang S et al. (2013) Silica modified calcium alginate–xanthan gum hybrid bead composites for the removal and recovery of Pb (II) from aqueous solution. Chem Eng J 234:33–42
Samuel MS et al. (2018) Adsorption of Pb (II) from aqueous solution using a magnetic chitosan/graphene oxide composite and its toxicity studies. Int J Biol Macromol 115:1142–1150
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Additional information
Publisher's Note
Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Senol-Arslan, D. Isotherms, kinetics and thermodynamics of pb(ii) adsorption by crosslinked chitosan/sepiolite composite. Polym. Bull. 79, 3911–3928 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00289-021-03688-9
Received:
Revised:
Accepted:
Published:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s00289-021-03688-9