Skip to main content
SpringerLink
Log in

Effect of vulcanization systems on the properties of natural rubber latex films

  • Original Paper
  • Published:
Polymer Bulletin Aims and scope Submit manuscript

Abstract

Natural rubber latex (NRL) films have high elasticity and flexibility and are excellent protection barriers against micro-organisms. For this reason, NRL is often used in the manufacture of medical products, such as gloves, condoms, blood transfusion tubes and catheters. The objective of this study was to evaluate the effect of two accelerators, ZDEC and TMTD, of the sulphur-based curing system, on the rheometric, crosslink density, thermal and mechanical properties. For this purpose, the compositions of NRL films were designed using two-level factorial design with a centre point, considering the variation from − 1 to + 1 of the levels of sulphur and accelerators. The results indicated that the delta torque was influenced by the addition of sulphur only. Scorch time (Ts1) and optimum vulcanization time (T90) decreased as TMTD was added to the formulations. TMTD only contributed to the crosslink density when low amounts of sulphur were used. Higher values of tensile strength were observed for sulphur, ZDEC and TMTD amounts, but it was close to the centre point experiments. SEV and EV vulcanization systems did not necessarily produce crosslinks that require higher energy to brake when compared to CONV system.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this article

Log in via an institution

Price excludes VAT (USA)
Tax calculation will be finalised during checkout.

Instant access to the full article PDF.

Institutional subscriptions

Fig. 1
Fig. 2
Fig. 3
Fig. 4
Fig. 5
Fig. 6
Fig. 7

Similar content being viewed by others

Data Availability

The raw/processed data required to reproduce these findings cannot be shared at this time as the data also forms part of an ongoing study.

References

  1. Cornish K (2014) Biosynthesis of natural rubber (NR) in different rubber-producing species. In: Chemistry, manufacture and applications of natural rubber. Chemistry, manufacture and applications of natural rubber. Woodhead Publishing, pp 3–29. https://doi.org/10.1533/9780857096913.1.3

  2. Modi SJ, Cornish K, Koelling K, Vodovotz Y (2016) Fabrication and improved performance of poly(3-hydroxybutyrate-co-3-hydroxyvalerate) for packaging by addition of high molecular weight natural rubber. J Appl Polym Sci 133:1–9. https://doi.org/10.1002/app.43937

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  3. Guidelli EJ, Ramos AP, Zaniquelli MED, Baffa O (2011) Green synthesis of colloidal silver nanoparticles using natural rubber latex extracted from Hevea brasiliensis. Spectrochim Acta Part A Mol Biomol Spectrosc 82:140–145. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.saa.2011.07.024

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  4. Keddie JL (1997) Reports: a review journal film formation of latex. Mater Sci Eng 21:101–170. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0927-796X(97)00011-9

    Article  Google Scholar 

  5. Sornsanee P, Jitprarop V, Tangboriboon N (2018) Preparation polyisoprene (NR) and polyacrylonitrile rubber latex glove films by dipping ceramic hand molds process and their properties. Defect Diffus Forum 382:21–25. https://doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/DDF.382.21

    Article  Google Scholar 

  6. Chen M, Ao NJ, Zhang BL et al (2005) Comparison and evaluation of the thermooxidative stability of medical natural rubber latex products prepared with a sulfur vulcanization system and a peroxide vulcanization system. J Appl Polym Sci 98:591–597. https://doi.org/10.1002/app.22047

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  7. Pojanavaraphan T, Schiraldi DA, Magaraphan R (2010) Mechanical, rheological, and swelling behavior of natural rubber/montmorillonite aerogels prepared by freeze-drying. Appl Clay Sci 50:271–279. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.clay.2010.08.020

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  8. Choi SS, Kim E (2015) A novel system for measurement of types and densities of sulfur crosslinks of a filled rubber vulcanizate. Polym Test 42:62–68. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.polymertesting.2014.12.007

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  9. Mitra A, Leonov AI (2010) On rheology, cure kinetics and chemorheology of gum rubbers. Polym Sci Ser A 52:1114–1123. https://doi.org/10.1134/S0965545X10110052

    Article  Google Scholar 

  10. Thomas S, Aldlyami E, Gupta S et al (2011) Unsuitability and high perforation rate of latex-free gloves in arthroplasty: a cause for concern. Arch Orthop Trauma Surg 131:455–458. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00402-010-1146-8

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  11. Nunes F, Kersch M, Niebergall U et al (2017) Effect of different sulphur-based crosslink networks on the nitrile rubber resistance to biodiesel. Fuel 191:130–139. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fuel.2016.11.060

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  12. Boonkerd K, Deeprasertkul C, Boonsomwong K (2016) Effect of sulfur to accelerator ratio on crosslink structure, reversion, and strength in natural rubber. Rubber Chem Technol 89:450–464. https://doi.org/10.5254/rct.16.85963

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  13. Palaty S, Joseph R (2001) Studies on xanthate–zinc diethyl dithiocarbamate accelerator combination in natural rubber. Plast, Rubber Compos 30:270–274. https://doi.org/10.1179/146580101101541697

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  14. Ibrahim SZ, Mohd CHE, Said SOM et al (2016) Preliminary study on curing of thick rubber article. Advanced Materials Research 1134:23–27. https://doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/AMR.1134.23

    Article  Google Scholar 

  15. Moon B, Lee J, Park S, Seok CS (2018) Study on the aging behavior of natural rubber/butadiene rubber (NR/BR) blends using a parallel spring model. Polymers (Basel). https://doi.org/10.3390/polym10060658

    Article  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  16. Flynn Law JH (1966) A quick, direct method for the determination of activation energy from thermogravimetric data. Polym Lett 4:323–328. https://doi.org/10.1017/CCOL0521840643.004

    Article  Google Scholar 

  17. Ozawa T (1970) Kinetic analysis of derivative curves in thermal analysis. J Therm Anal 2:301–324. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF01911411

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  18. Jin-zong Y, Cheng-jie W, Xue-jie W (2018) The thermal decomposition mechanism and kinetics of tenoxicam. J Anal Appl Pyrolysis. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jaap.2018.08.006

    Article  Google Scholar 

  19. Jana GK, Das CK (2005) Devulcanization of natural rubber vulcanizates by mechanochemical process. Polym Plast Technol Eng 44:1399–1412. https://doi.org/10.1080/03602550500209853

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  20. Albano C, Hernández M, Ichazo MN et al (2011) Characterization of NBR/bentonite composites: vulcanization kinetics and rheometric and mechanical properties. Polym Bull 67:653–667. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00289-010-0432-5

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  21. Khang TH, Ariff ZM (2012) Vulcanization kinetics study of natural rubber compounds having different formulation variables. J Therm Anal Calorim 109:1545–1553. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10973-011-1937-3

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  22. Sun X, Isayev AI (2009) Cure kinetics study of unfilled and carbon black filled synthetic isoprene rubber. Rubber Chem Technol 82:149–169. https://doi.org/10.5254/1.3548241

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  23. de Arruda MMS, Cunha LMG, Visconte LLY et al (2019) Behavior of zinc complex of bis (N-phenylsulfonyldithiocarbimate) as accelerator in the vulcanization of nitrile rubber compounds. J Appl Polym Sci 136:47211. https://doi.org/10.1002/app.47211

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  24. Diaz R, Colomines G, Peuvrel-Disdier E, Deterre R (2018) Thermo-mechanical recycling of rubber: relationship between material properties and specific mechanical energy. J Mater Process Technol 252:454–468. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jmatprotec.2017.10.014

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

Download references

Acknowledgements

The authors wish to thank Teadit and Masterbor for donating the materials, Nitriflex for the use of its facilities, Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico (CNPQ) for the research supporting and Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES) for the for financial supporting (Financing code 001).

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Chemical Process Department, Rio de Janeiro State University, São Francisco Xavier, 524, Maracanã, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, 20550-900, Brazil

    Daniele Rosendo de Lima, Elisson Brum Dutra da Rocha, Ana Maria Furtado de Sousa, Antonio Carlos Augusto da Costa & Cristina Russi Guimarães Furtado

Authors
  1. Daniele Rosendo de Lima
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  2. Elisson Brum Dutra da Rocha
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  3. Ana Maria Furtado de Sousa
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  4. Antonio Carlos Augusto da Costa
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  5. Cristina Russi Guimarães Furtado
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Daniele Rosendo de Lima.

Additional information

Publisher's Note

Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

About this article

Check for updates. Verify currency and authenticity via CrossMark

Cite this article

de Lima, D.R., da Rocha, E.B.D., de Sousa, A.M.F. et al. Effect of vulcanization systems on the properties of natural rubber latex films. Polym. Bull. 78, 3943–3957 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00289-020-03291-4

Download citation

  • Received:

  • Revised:

  • Accepted:

  • Published:

  • Issue Date:

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s00289-020-03291-4

Keywords

Search

Navigation