Skip to main content
SpringerLink
Log in

Epoxidized soybean oil toughened recycled blends: a new method for the toughening of recycled polymers employing renewable resources

  • Original Paper
  • Published:
Polymer Bulletin Aims and scope Submit manuscript

Abstract

The enhancements in the properties of the recycled blends are concerned as the major highlight in the field of polymer recycling and technology. The materials containing polar functional groups are generally employed for enhancing the mechanical and thermal properties of the recycled blends. In this study, epoxidized soybean oil (ESBO), a bio-derived material, was considered as the toughening agent for the modification of the recycled blends made of poly(vinyl chloride) and poly(methyl methacrylate). A series of concentrations (3–12 wt%) of ESBO have been incorporated into the recycled blend matrix via the melt blending method. Further, the formulated recycled blends were analysed for their mechanical, rheological, thermal, flammability and morphological characteristics. Among them, the modified blend with 9% ESBO has been indicated a significant improvement in the fracture toughness parameters. The scanning electron micrographs are clearly indicating the changes in the microstructural properties of the recycled blend after the integration of ESBO. Moreover, dynamic mechanical analysis indicated changes in the glass transition values which resulted from the improved interfacial adhesions and compatibility of the recycled blend matrix.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this article

Log in via an institution

Price excludes VAT (USA)
Tax calculation will be finalised during checkout.

Instant access to the full article PDF.

Institutional subscriptions

Fig. 1
Fig. 2
Fig. 3
Fig. 4
Fig. 5
Fig. 6
Fig. 7

Similar content being viewed by others

References

  1. Hirayama D, Saron C (2018) Morphologic and mechanical properties of blends from recycled acrylonitrile-butadiene-styrene and high-impact polystyrene. Polymer 135:271–278

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  2. Kong Y, Li Y, Hu G, Cao N, Ling Y, Pan D, Shao Q, Guo Z (2018) Effects of polystyrene-b-poly (ethylene/propylene)-b-polystyrene compatibilizer on the recycled polypropylene and recycled high impact polystyrene blends. Polym Adv Technol 29:2344–2351

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  3. Suresh SS, Mohanty S, Nayak SK (2018) Influence of acrylonitrile butadiene rubber on recyclability of blends prepared from poly (vinyl chloride) and poly (methyl methacrylate). Waste Manag Res 36:495–504

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  4. Sarath P, Biswal M, Mohanty S, Nayak SK (2018) Effect of silicone rubber based impact modifier on mechanical and flammability properties of plastics recovered from waste mobile phones. J Clean Prod 171:209–219

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  5. Suresh SS, Mohanty S, Nayak SK (2018) Synthesis and application of functionalised acrylonitrile-butadiene rubber for enhancing recyclability of poly (vinylchloride) (PVC) and poly (methylmethacrylate) (PMMA) in recycled blends. Clean Technol Environ Policy 20:969–979

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  6. Baccouch Z, Mbarek S, Jaziri M (2017) Experimental investigation of the effects of a compatibilizing agent on the properties of a recycled poly (ethylene terephthalate)/polypropylene blend. Polym Bull 74:839–856

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  7. Elmaghor F, Zhang L, Fan R, Li H (2014) Recycling of polycarbonate by blending with maleic anhydride grafted ABS. Polymer 45:6719–6724

    Google Scholar 

  8. Noriman NZ, Ismail H, Rashid AA (2010) Characterization of styrene butadiene rubber/recycled acrylonitrile-butadiene rubber (SBR/NBRr) blends: the effects of epoxidized natural rubber (ENR-50) as a compatibilizer. Polym Test 29:200–208

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  9. Liu Y, Xu H, Liu G, Pu S (2017) Core/shell morphologies in recycled poly (ethylene terephthalate)/linear low-density polyethylene/poly (styrene-b-(ethylene-co-butylene)-b-styrene) ternary blends. Polym Bull 74:4223–4233

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  10. Gramlich WM, Robertson ML, Hillmyer MA (2010) Reactive compatibilization of poly (l-lactide) and conjugated soybean oil. Macromolecules 43:2313–2321

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  11. Robertson ML, Chang K, Gramlich WM, Hillmyer MA (2010) Toughening of polylactide with polymerized soybean oil. Macromolecules 43:1807–1814

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  12. Ratna D, Banthia AK (2000) Epoxidized soybean oil toughened epoxy adhesive. J Adhes Sci Technol 14:15–25

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  13. Suresh SS, Mohanty S, Nayak SK (2017) Bio-based epoxidised oil for compatibilization and value addition of poly (vinyl chloride) (PVC) and poly (methyl methacrylate) (PMMA) in recycled blend. J Polym Res 24:120

    Google Scholar 

  14. Yue SITU, Jianfeng H, Huang H, Heqing FU, Hanwei ZENG, Huanqin CHEN (2007) Synthesis, properties and application of a novel epoxidized soybean oil-toughened phenolic resin. Chin J Chem Eng 15:418–423

    Google Scholar 

  15. Xiong Z, Yang Y, Feng J, Zhang X, Zhang C, Tang Z, Zhu J (2013) Preparation and characterization of poly (lactic acid)/starch composites toughened with epoxidized soybean oil. Carbohydr Polym 92:810–816

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  16. Xiong Z, Li C, Ma S, Feng J, Yang Y, Zhang R, Zhu J (2013) The properties of poly (lactic acid)/starch blends with a functionalized plant oil: tung oil anhydride. Carbohydr Polym 95:77–84

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  17. Ghosh P, Hoque M, Karmaka G (2018) Castor oil as potential multifunctional additive in the formulation of eco-friendly lubricant. Polym Bull 75:501–514

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  18. Sudha GS, Kalita H, Mohanty S, Nayak SK (2017) Biobased epoxy blends from epoxidized castor oil: effect on mechanical, thermal, and morphological properties. Macromol Res 25:420–430

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  19. Kumar S, Samal SK, Mohanty S, Nayak SK (2017) Epoxidized soybean oil-based epoxy blend cured with anhydride-based cross-linker: thermal and mechanical characterization. Ind Eng Chem Res 56:687–698

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  20. Huang J, Jiang P, Wen Y, Haryono A (2017) Synthesis and properties of castor oil based polyurethanes reinforced with double-decker silsesquioxane. Polym Bull 74:2767–2785

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  21. Vu CM, Nguyen DD, Choi HJ, Pham TD (2018) Improvement the mode I interlaminar fracture toughness of glass fiber reinforced phenolic resin by using epoxidized soybean oil. Polym Bull 75:4769–4782

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  22. Sudha GS, Kalita H, Mohanty S, Nayak SK (2017) Castor oil modified by epoxidation, transesterification, and acrylation processes: spectroscopic characteristics. Int J Polym Anal Charact 22:519–525

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  23. Liu W, Qiu J, Fei ME, Qiu R, Sakai E (2018) Manufacturing of thermally remoldable blends from epoxidized soybean oil and poly (lactic acid) via dynamic crosslinking in a twin-screw extruder. Ind Eng Chem Res 57:7516–7524

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  24. Lee JY, Kwon SH, Chin IJ, Choi HJ (2019) Toughness and rheological characteristics of poly (lactic acid)/acrylic core–shell rubber blends. Polym Bull 76:5483–5497

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  25. Hasanpour M, Aghjeh MR, Mazidi MM, Afsari B (2019) Effect of morphology alteration on mechanical properties and fracture toughness of polypropylene/polyamide 6/ethylene polypropylene diene monomer graft maleic anhydride (PP/PA6/EPDM-g-MA) reactive ternary blends. Polym Bull. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00289-019-02870-4

    Article  Google Scholar 

  26. Zhao TH, Yuan WQ, Li YD, Weng YX, Zeng JB (2018) Relating chemical structure to toughness via morphology control in fully sustainable sebacic acid cured epoxidized soybean oil toughened polylactide blends. Macromolecules 51:2027–2037

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  27. Park SJ, Jin FL, Lee JR (2004) Thermal and mechanical properties of tetrafunctional epoxy resin toughened with epoxidized soybean oil. Mater Sci Eng A 374:109–114

    Google Scholar 

  28. Suresh SS, Mohanty S, Nayak SK (2017) Preparation and characterization of recycled blends using poly (vinyl chloride) and poly (methyl methacrylate) recovered from waste electrical and electronic equipments. J Clean Prod 149:863–873

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  29. Liu C, Lei W, Cai Z, Chen J, Hu L, Dai Y, Zhou Y (2013) Use of tung oil as a reactive toughening agent in dicyclopentadiene-terminated unsaturated polyester resins. Ind Crops Prod 49:412–418

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  30. Silverajah VS, Ibrahim NA, Yunus WMZW, Hassan HA, Woei CB (2012) A comparative study on the mechanical, thermal and morphological characterization of poly (lactic acid)/epoxidized palm oil blend. Int J Mol Sci 13:5878–5898

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  31. Mei Li, Li Shouhai, Xia Jianling, Ding Chengxiang, Wang Mei, LinaXu Xiaohua Yang, Huang Kun (2017) Tung oil based plasticizer and auxiliary stabilizer for poly (vinyl chloride). Mat Des 122:366–375

    Google Scholar 

  32. Kumar S (2019) Recent developments of biobased plasticizers and their effect on mechanical and thermal properties of poly (vinyl chloride): a review. Ind Eng Chem Res 58:11659–11672

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  33. Benaniba MT, Massardier-Nageotte V (2010) Evaluation effects of biobased plasticizer on the thermal, mechanical, dynamical mechanical properties, and permanence of plasticized PVC. J Appl Polym Sci 118:3499–3508

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  34. Anderson DF, McKenzie D (1970) Mechanism of the thermal stabilization of poly(vinyl chloride) with metal carboxylates and epoxy plasticizers. J Polym Sci A Polym Chem 8:2905–2922

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  35. Suresh SS, Mohanty S, Nayak SK (2017) Investigation into the mechanical and thermal properties of poly (methyl methacrylate) recovered from light guidance panels with a focus on future remanufacturing and sustainable waste management. J Remanuf 7(2–3):217–233

    Google Scholar 

  36. Wu S (1990) Chain structure, phase morphology, and toughness relationships in polymers and blends. Polym Eng Sci 30:753–761

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  37. Tee YB, Talib RA, Abdan K, Chin NL, Basha RK, Yunos KFM (2014) Toughening poly (lactic acid) and aiding the melt-compounding with bio-sourced plasticizers. Agric Agric Sci Proc 2:289–295

    Google Scholar 

  38. Tee YB, Talib RA, Abdan K, Chin NL, Basha RK, Yunos KFM (2015) Comparative study of chemical, mechanical, thermal, and barrier properties of poly (lactic acid) plasticized with epoxidized soybean oil and epoxidized palm oil. Bio Resour 11:1518–1540

    Google Scholar 

  39. Orue A, Eceiza A, Arbelaiz A (2018) Preparation and characterization of poly (lactic acid) plasticized with vegetable oils and reinforced with sisal fibers. Ind Crops Prod 112:170–180

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  40. Kum CK, Sung YT, Kim YS, Lee HG, Kim WN, Lee HS, Yoon HG (2007) Effects of compatibilizer on mechanical, morphological, and rheological properties of polypropylene/poly (acrylonitrile-butadiene-styrene) blends. Macromol Res 15:308–314

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  41. Bouchareb B, Benaniba MT (2008) Effects of epoxidised sunflower oil on the mechanical and dynamical analysis of the plasticized poly(vinyl chloride). J Appl Polym Sci 107:3442–3450

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  42. Bonda S, Mohanty S, Nayak SK (2014) Influence of compatibilizer on mechanical, morphological and rheological properties of PP/ABS blends. Iran Polym J 23:415–425

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  43. Sanyang ML, Sapuan SM, Jawaid M, Ishak MR, Sahari J (2015) Effect of plasticizer type and concentration on dynamic mechanical properties of sugar palm starch-based films. Int J Polym Anal Charact 20(7):627–636

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  44. Liew CW, Durairaj R, Ramesh S (2014) Rheological studies of PMMA–PVC based polymer blend electrolytes with LiTFSI as doping salt. PLoS ONE. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0102815

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  45. Ezzati P, Ghasemi I, Karrabi M, Azizi H (2008) Rheological behaviour of PP/EPDM blend: the effect of compatibilization. Iran Polym J 17:670–679

    Google Scholar 

  46. Takemori MT (1979) Towards an understanding of the heat distortion temperature of thermoplastics. Polym Eng Sci 19:1104–1109

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  47. Yoksan R, Sane A, Khanoonkon N, Yokesahachart C, Noivoil N, Dang KM (2015) Effect of starch and plasticizer types and fiber content on properties of polylactic acid/thermoplastic starch blend. World Acad Sci Eng Technol Int J Chem Mol Nucl Mat Metall Eng 9:1166–1170

    Google Scholar 

  48. Sengers WGF, Wübbenhorst M, Picken SJ, Gotsis AD (2005) Distribution of oil in olefinic thermoplastic elastomer blends. Polymer 46:6391–6401

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  49. Immergut EH, Mark HF (1965) Principles of plasticization. In: Plasticization and plasticizer process: a symposium sponsored by the division of industrial and engineering chemistry. ACS Washinton, pp 1–25

  50. Ghiou N, Benaniba MT (2010) The effect of epoxidized sunflower oil on the miscibility of plasticized PVC/NBR blends. Int J Polym Mater 59(7):463–474

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  51. Mathew A, Kurmvanshi S, Mohanty S, Nayak SK (2017) Mechanical behavior of castor-oil-based advanced polyurethane functionalized with glycidol and siloxanes. J Miner Met Mater Soc 69:2501–2507

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  52. Suresh SS, Mohanty S, Nayak SK (2017) Composition analysis and characterization of waste polyvinyl chloride (PVC) recovered from data cables. Waste Manag 60:100–111

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  53. Omdeo KG, Jaidev K, Suresh SS, Biswal M, Mohanty S, Nayak SK (2019) Composition and recyclability analysis of poly(vinyl chloride) recovered from computer power cables and commercial wires. J Vinyl Addit. https://doi.org/10.1002/vnl.21734

    Article  Google Scholar 

  54. Mathew A, Kurmvanshi S, Mohanty S, Nayak SK (2017) Sustainable production of polyurethane from castor oil, functionalized with epoxy-and hydroxyl-terminated poly (dimethyl siloxane) for biomedical applications. J Mater Sci 53:3119–3130

    Google Scholar 

  55. Moghbelli E, Banyay R, Sue HJ (2014) Effect of moisture exposure on scratch resistance of PMMA. Tribol Int 69:46–51

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  56. Hamouda AMS (2002) The influence of humidity on the deformation and fracture behaviour of PMMA. J Mater Process Technol 124:238–243

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  57. Arnold JC, Alston S, Holder A (2009) Void formation due to gas evolution during the recycling of acrylonitrile–butadiene–styrene copolymer (ABS) from waste electrical and electronic equipment (WEEE). Polym Degrad Stab 94:693–700

    CAS  Google Scholar 

Download references

Acknowledgements

The authors would like to thank Department of Science and Technology (DST), Government of India, for the financial support (DST/TSG/WM/2015/466-G) and M/s E-Parisaraa, Bengaluru, India, for the kind supply of WEEE materials.

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Laboratory for Advanced Research in Polymeric Materials (LARPM), Central Institute of Plastics Engineering and Technology (CIPET), B-25, CNI Complex, Patia, Bhubaneswar, Odisha, 751024, India

    Sunil S. Suresh, Smita Mohanty & Sanjay K. Nayak

Authors
  1. Sunil S. Suresh
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  2. Smita Mohanty
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  3. Sanjay K. Nayak
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Sunil S. Suresh.

Additional information

Publisher's Note

Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

About this article

Check for updates. Verify currency and authenticity via CrossMark

Cite this article

Suresh, S.S., Mohanty, S. & Nayak, S.K. Epoxidized soybean oil toughened recycled blends: a new method for the toughening of recycled polymers employing renewable resources. Polym. Bull. 77, 6543–6562 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00289-019-03087-1

Download citation

  • Received:

  • Revised:

  • Accepted:

  • Published:

  • Issue Date:

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s00289-019-03087-1

Keywords

Search

Navigation