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Characterization of Antibiotic-Resistant Stenotrophomonas Isolates from Painted Turtles Living in the Wild

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Abstract

Stenotrophomonas maltophilia is a ubiquitous multidrug-resistant opportunistic pathogen commonly associated with nosocomial infections. The purpose of this study was to isolate and characterize extended-spectrum beta-lactamase (ESBL) producing bacteria from painted turtles (Chrysemys picta) living in the wild and captured in southeastern Wisconsin. Fecal samples from ten turtles were examined for ESBL producing bacteria after incubation on HardyCHROM™ ESBL agar. Two isolates were cultivated and identified by 16S rRNA gene sequencing and whole genome sequencing (WGS) as Stenotrophomonas sp. 9A and S. maltophilia 15A. They were multidrug-resistant, as determined by antibiotic susceptibility testing. Stenotrophomonas sp. 9A was found to produce an extended spectrum beta-lactamase (ESBL) and both isolates were found to be carbapenem-resistant. EDTA-modified carbapenem inactivation method (eCIM) and the modified carbapenem inactivation method (mCIM) tests were used to examine the carbapenemase production and the test results were negative. Through WGS several antimicrobial resistance genes were identified in S. maltophilia 15A. For example a chromosomal L1 β-lactamase gene, which is known to hydrolyze carbapenems, a L2 β-lactamase gene, genes for the efflux systems smeABC and smeDEF and the aminoglycosides resistance genes aac(6′)-lz and aph(3′)-llc were found. An L2 β-lactamase gene in Stenotrophomonas sp. 9A was identified through WGS.

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Fig. 1

Data Availability

The 16S rRNA gene sequences have been deposited in the GenBank nucleotide database under the accession numbers ON624157 and ON624158. This Whole Genome Shotgun project has been deposited at DDBJ/ENA/GenBank under the accessions JAMOKY000000000 and JAMOKZ000000000.

Code Availability

Not applicable.

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Funding

This project was supported by the University of Wisconsin-La Crosse Undergraduate Research and Creativity Committee grant for Noah Grover.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Microbiology, University of Wisconsin-La Crosse, 1725 State Street, La Crosse, WI, 54601, USA

    Xinhui Li & Noah A. Grover

  2. General Studies, Gateway Technical College, Kenosha, WI, 53144, USA

    Richard W. McLaughlin

  3. CSL USA Inc., 4011 Nicholson Road, Franksville, WI, 53126, USA

    Noah A. Grover

Authors
  1. Xinhui Li
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  2. Richard W. McLaughlin
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  3. Noah A. Grover
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Contributions

RW and XL designed and supervised the project. RW, NR, and XL conducted the experiments. RW prepared the first draft the manuscript. RW and XL finalize the manuscript.

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Correspondence to Xinhui Li.

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The authors declare that that there is no conflict of interest.

Ethical Approval

Samples were collected under the auspices of Institutional Animal Care and Use Committee (IACUC) approved permit K145011020Q.

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Li, X., McLaughlin, R.W. & Grover, N.A. Characterization of Antibiotic-Resistant Stenotrophomonas Isolates from Painted Turtles Living in the Wild. Curr Microbiol 80, 93 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00284-023-03193-4

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  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s00284-023-03193-4

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