Zusammenfassung
Hintergrund
Die Aufmerksamkeitsdefizit‑/Hyperaktivitätsstörung (ADHS) ist eine neuropsychiatrische Erkrankung, die durch die Leitsymptome der Unaufmerksamkeit mit oder ohne Hyperaktivität sowie Impulsivität gekennzeichnet ist. Neurofeedback (NF) ist eine komplementäre neurobehaviorale Therapieoption im Rahmen einer multimodalen Behandlung, die direkt auf eine Normalisierung der den Symptomen zugrunde liegenden hirnphysiologischen Abweichungen abzielt. Während NF-Trainings bei Kindern mit ADHS bereits seit mehreren Jahrzehnten durchgeführt werden, wurden entsprechende Trainingsprotokolle erst in den letzten Jahren mehr und mehr auch auf erwachsene Patienten übertragen.
Fragestellung
Die vorliegende Literaturübersicht fasst den diesbezüglichen Stand der Forschung zusammen.
Material und Methoden
Die systematische Literaturrecherche wurde mithilfe der Datenbank PubMed durchgeführt; Suchkriterium war die Kombination der Begriffe „ADHD“, „adult“ und „neurofeedback“. Die Ergebnisse von insgesamt 14 Arbeiten sind im Hauptteil dieser Literaturübersicht zusammengetragen.
Ergebnisse und Schlussfolgerung
Insgesamt weist die Studienlage bei erwachsenen ADHS-Patienten auf vielversprechende Symptomverbesserungen im einfachen Prä-post-Vergleich hin, die aber Kontrollgruppen in randomisierten, kontrollierten Studien nicht immer überlegen sind. Da sich NF auf der Basis etablierter Trainingsprotokolle als wirksam bei der Verbesserung der ADHS-Symptomatik erwiesen hat, ist es als ergänzende Behandlungskomponente bei adulter ADHS sinnvoll einsetzbar, obwohl zusätzliche randomisierte, kontrollierte Studien zur genaueren Evaluierung der Spezifität sowie der Kurz- und Langzeiteffekte erforderlich sind.
Abstract
Background
Attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is a neuropsychiatric disorder which is characterized by symptoms of inattention with or without hyperactivity as well as impulsivity. Neurofeedback is a complementary neurobehavioral treatment option in multimodal treatment approaches that aims at directly normalizing the neurophysiological alterations underlying the symptomatology. While neurofeedback training has been conducted in children and adolescents with ADHD for several decades, corresponding training protocols have been regularly adopted for adult patients only relatively recently.
Objective
This literature review summarizes the current state of research on the application of neurofeedback in adults with ADHD.
Material and methods
The systematic review was conducted using the PubMed database and the search criterion was a combination of the terms ADHD, adult and neurofeedback. The results of 14 publications are presented in the main section of this review.
Results and conclusion
Overall, the state of research suggests promising symptom improvements in pre-post comparisons in adult ADHD which are, however, not consistently superior to improvements achieved in control groups in randomized controlled trials. Since neurofeedback based on standard protocols has nevertheless been shown to effectively improve ADHD symptoms, it can be a useful addition to current treatment concepts in adult ADHD; however, additional randomized controlled studies are needed to evaluate the specificity of short-term and long-term effects in more detail.
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B. Barth erhielt ein Honorar für eine Dozententätigkeit durch die neuroCare Group GmbH. A.-C. Ehlis gibt an, dass kein Interessenkonflikt besteht.
Für diesen Beitrag wurden von den Autoren keine Studien an Menschen oder Tieren durchgeführt. Für die aufgeführten Studien gelten die jeweils dort angegebenen ethischen Richtlinien.
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Anja Hilbert, Leipzig
Ann-Christine Ehlis, Tübingen
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Barth, B., Ehlis, AC. Neurofeedback bei adulter Aufmerksamkeitsdefizit‑/Hyperaktivitätsstörung. Psychotherapeut 64, 194–201 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00278-019-0350-4
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s00278-019-0350-4