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Die Wirksamkeit psychodynamischer Psychotherapie

The efficacy of psychodynamic psychotherapy

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Zusammenfassung

Empirische Daten belegen die Wirksamkeit psychodynamischer Psychotherapie. Effektgrößen für psychodynamische Psychotherapie sind so groß wie die für andere Therapien berichteten Effektgrößen, für die aktiv als „empirisch gestützt“ und „evidenzbasiert“ geworben worden ist. Außerdem erzielen Patienten, die eine psychodynamische Therapie machen, einen andauernden therapeutischen Gewinn und scheinen sich nach Behandlungsende weiterhin zu bessern. Schließlich sind nichtpsychodynamische Therapien vielleicht zum Teil wirksam, weil sachkundigere Therapeuten Techniken anwenden, die für die psychodynamische Theorie und Praxis seit Langem von zentraler Bedeutung sind. Die Auffassung, psychodynamische Ansätze seien nicht ausreichend empirisch gestützt, stimmt nicht mit den zur Verfügung stehenden wissenschaftlichen Daten überein und reflektiert vielleicht eine selektive Verbreitung von Forschungsergebnissen.

Abstract

Empirical evidence supports the efficacy of psychodynamic therapy. Effect sizes for psychodynamic psychotherapy are as large as those reported for other therapies which have been actively promoted as “empirically supported” and “evidence based.” Additionally, patients who receive psychodynamic therapy maintain therapeutic gains and appear to continue to improve after treatment ends. Finally, non-psychodynamic therapies may be effective in part because the more skilled practitioners utilize techniques which have long been central to psychodynamic theory and practice. The perception that psychodynamic approaches lack empirical support does not accord with available scientific evidence and may reflect selective dissemination of research findings.

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Notes

  1. Ich benutze die Begriffe psychodynamisch und psychoanalytisch synonym.

  2. Für eine jargonfreie Einführung in zeitgenössisches psychodynamisches Denken s. “That was Then, This is Now: Psychoanalytic Psychotherapy for the Rest of Us“ (Shedler 2006; kostenlos zum Download verfügbar auf http://psychsystems.net/shedler.html).

  3. Dieser als der standardisierte Mittelwertunterschied bekannte Wert wird benutzt, um die Ergebnisse von randomisierten kontrollierten Studien zusammenzufassen. Im weiteren Sinn kann sich das Konzept Effektgröße auf irgendein Maß beziehen, das das Ausmaß eines Forschungsergebnisses ausdrückt (Rosenthal u. Rosnow 2008).

  4. Das Maß der Effektgröße in dieser Studie war Hedges g (Hedges 1982) anstatt Cohens d (Cohen 1988), das i. Allg. berichtet wird. Die zwei Maße basieren auf leicht unterschiedlichen Rechenformeln, aber in diesem Fall hätte die Wahl der Formel keinen Unterschied gemacht: „Wegen des großen Stichprobenumfangs (über 12.000) ändert sich nichts, wenn man von g zu d wechselt; beide Werte sind 0,31 auf zwei Dezimalstellen“ (R. Rosenthal, persönliche Kommunikation an Marc Diener).

  5. Obwohl Antidepressivastudien Doppelblindversuche sein sollen, ist das „Blinde“ leicht zu durchschauen, weil die Nebenwirkungen von Antidepressiva körperlich erkennbar und weitbekannt sind. Studienteilnehmer und ihre Ärzte können deshalb herausfinden, ob sie das Medikament oder ein Placebo erhalten, und die dem Medikament zugeschriebenen Effekte können durch Erwartung und „Demand“-Effekte in die Höhe getrieben werden. Die Anwendung von „aktiven“ Placebos schützt die Blindstudie besser, und die resultierenden Effektgrößen sind ungefähr halb so groß wie die im Übrigen berichteten.

  6. Die in der Medizin mehr als in der Psychologie bekannte Cochrane Library wurde erschaffen, um evidenzbasierte Verfahren zu fördern, und wird als Führer in methodologischer Stringenz für Metaanalysen angesehen.

  7. Diese schlossen nichtpsychotische Symptom- und Verhaltensstörungen, wie sie für gewöhnlich in Primärversorgungs- und psychiatrischen Diensten gesehen werden, ein, z. B. nichtbipolare depressive Störungen, Angststörungen und somatoforme Störungen, die oft mit zwischenmenschlichen Störungen oder Persönlichkeitsstörungen gemischt sind (Abbass et al. 2006).

  8. Die Metaanalyse errechnete Effektgrößen auf verschiedene Arten. Die hier berichteten Ergebnisse beruhen auf der Methode, die am konzeptionellsten und statistisch aussagekräftigsten schien (in diesem Fall ein „Random-effects“-Modell mit einem einzigen ausgegrenzten Ausreißer). Siehe Originalquelle für detailliertere Analysen (Abbass et al. 2006).

  9. Wegen der atypischen Methode zur Errechnung dieser Effektgröße ist es möglich, dass eine überhöhte Abschätzung der Wirksamkeit angegeben wurde, die nicht vergleichbar mit anderen in dieser Übersicht berichteten Effektgrößen ist (Thombs et al. 2009 zur Diskussion).

  10. Die Ausnahmen in diesem Muster sind bestimmte Angstzustände wie Panikstörung und einfache Phobie, für die kurzfristige, manualisierte Behandlungen andauernde Vorteile zu haben scheinen (Westen et al. 2004).

  11. Die kognitive Therapiestudie war eine randomisierte kontrollierte Studie für Depressionen; die psychodynamischen Psychotherapiestudien waren Längsschnittuntersuchungen für gemischte Störungen bzw. für posttraumatische Belastungsstörungen (PTBS). Siehe die ursprüngliche Quelle für detailliertere Beschreibungen (Ablon u. Jones 1998; Jones u. Pulos 1993).

  12. Siehe ursprüngliche Quelle für vollständigere Beschreibungen der 2 Therapieprototypen (Ablon u. Jones 1998).

  13. Die Studie ist eine der archivierten, von Jones und seinem Mitarbeiterstab analysierten Studien (Abbass et al. 2006; Jones u. Pulos 1993).

  14. Obwohl der Ausdruck „Erleben“ aus der humanistischen Therapietradition stammt, ist das durch die Skala bewertete Phänomen – vertiefende Selbsterforschung, die zu einer verbesserten Erkenntnis des impliziten oder unbewussten Seelenlebens führt – das bestimmende Kernmerkmal der Psychoanalyse und der psychoanalytischen Psychotherapie.

  15. Deutsche Fassung bei (Taubner et al. 2009).

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Danksagung

Der Autor dankt Mark Hilsenroth für seinen beträchtlichen Beitrag zu dieser Veröffentlichung, Marc Diener für einige der hier berichteten Informationen und Robert Feinstein, Glen Gabbard, Michael Karson, Kenneth Levy, Nancy McWilliams, George Stricker und Robert Wallerstein für ihre Kommentare zu früheren Entwürfen.

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Correspondence to Jonathan Shedler PhD..

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Dieser Beitrag erschien zuerst 2010 in Englisch als „The Efficacy of Psychodynamic Psychotherapy“ in American Psychologist 65(2):98–109. Urheberrecht 2010 American Psychological Association (APA). Mit Genehmigung übersetzt und reproduziert. Die APA ist nicht für die Genauigkeit der Übersetzung verantwortlich. Diese Übersetzung darf ohne schriftliche Genehmigung der APA nicht reproduziert oder weiter in Umlauf gesetzt werden.

Der Verlag dankt der APA für die freundliche Abdruckgenehmigung. Aus dem Amerikanischen übersetzt von Petra Ayling und Horst Kächele (IPU Berlin).

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Shedler, J. Die Wirksamkeit psychodynamischer Psychotherapie. Psychotherapeut 56, 265–277 (2011). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00278-011-0819-2

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