Dear Editor,
It was with great interest we read the article by Marini et al. regarding outcomes in older patients with multiple myeloma (MM) undergoing autologous stem cell transplantation (ASCT) recently published in the Journal [1]. We and others have described a rapid increase in MM incidence and prevalence in Western countries over the last decades. This is mainly due to an aging general population and more effective treatment options which have resulted in better survival outcomes [2, 3]. Given the introduction of novel treatment alternatives, it is important to define the future role of high-dose treatment and ASCT. Marini and co-authors concluded that age was not associated with event-free survival (EFS) or overall survival (OS). However, the cohort was small (n=132) and originated from one centre. We would therefore like to contribute with additional results from a population-based national cohort including all MM patients who underwent ASCT in Sweden between 2005 and 2016 (n=1479). Median age at transplantation was 60 (interquartile range [IQR] 25,75 54.0–64.0) years, and 281 patients (19%) were > 65 years at ASCT. Notably, median age of patients undergoing ASCT was lower in the group diagnosed before 2013 versus after 2013, confirming previous reports describing a trend of transplanting older patients [4, 5].
Patients were stratified by age at transplantation (≤ 50, 51–54, 55–59, 60–64, ≥ 65 years) and sex. From initiation of first line treatment, univariate analyses showed a median time to next treatment (TTNT) of 3.0 (95% confidence interval [CI] 2.9–3.2) years, with no differences between age groups (p = 0.41) or between males and females (p = 0.48). A trend analysis demonstrated that median crude OS from start of induction therapy was 7.5 (95% CI 6.8–8.0) years and there was a statistically significant difference between age groups (p < 0.0001), with longer OS for younger patients.
Multivariate Cox regression models showed that high age and ASCT before 2013 were associated with inferior TTNT and OS. Exposure to consolidation treatment was associated with shorter TTNT up to one year after induction treatment initiation, and shorter OS during the first two years after induction treatment initiation; however, these results should be interpreted with caution since we were unable to control for clinical risk factors or tumour status prior to ASCT. Given the fact that Swedish treatment guidelines did not recommend consolidation treatment until 2017 to patients with normal cytogenetic profiles, one may speculate that patients receiving consolidation had a more aggressive disease and consequently responded less well to treatment. Also, the definition of consolidation/maintenance treatment was less stringent compared with most clinical trials (Tables 1 and 2).
Survival rates have improved in MM mainly due to modern drugs and ASCT. There has been a trend of increased autografting of older MM patients during the last decade. However, improvement in survival outcomes are less pronounced in older patients and increasing age is still a predictor for worse outcomes. The rapid introduction of new treatment options will hopefully also benefit older patients and may change the future role of high-dose treatment and ASCT.
References
Marini C, Maia T, Bergantim R, Pires J, Aguiar E, Guimarães JE, Trigo F (2019) Real-life data on safety and efficacy of autologous stem cell transplantation in elderly patients with multiple myeloma. Ann Hematol 98:369–379
Kristinsson SY, Landgren O, Dickman PW, Derolf AR, Björkholm M (2007) Patterns of survival in multiple myeloma: a population-based study of patients diagnosed in Sweden from 1973 to 2003. J Clin Oncol 25:1993–1999
Turesson I, Bjorkholm M, Blimark CH et al. (2018) Rapidly changing myeloma epidemiology in the general population: Increased incidence, older patients, and longer survival. Eur J Haematol.
Auner HW, Szydlo R, Hoek J, Goldschmidt H, Stoppa AM, Morgan GJ, Moreau P, Attal M, Marit G, Russell N, Brune M, Cook G, Sonneveld P, Schönland S, Garderet L, Kröger N (2015) Trends in autologous hematopoietic cell transplantation for multiple myeloma in Europe: increased use and improved outcomes in elderly patients in recent years. Bone Marrow Transplant 50:209–215
Costa LJ, Zhang MJ, Zhong X, Dispenzieri A, Lonial S, Krishnan A, Freytes C, Vesole D, Gale RP, Anderson K, Wirk B, Savani BN, Waller EK, Schouten H, Lazarus H, Meehan K, Sharma M, Kamble R, Vij R, Kumar S, Nishihori T, Kindwall-Keller T, Saber W, Hari PN (2013) Trends in utilization and outcomes of autologous transplantation as early therapy for multiple myeloma. Biol Blood Marrow Transplant 19:1615–1624
Acknowledgements
The source data was provided by the Swedish National Board of Health and Welfare and Sweden Statistics.
Funding
The present study was funded by Janssen Global Services and Janssen-Cilag AB.
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The study was approved by the Regional Ethical Review Board in Stockholm, Sweden (dnr 2017/2094-31/2). The study was also approved by the National Board of Health and Welfare for patient integrity and data handling. Informed consent was waived since there was no contact with study objectives.
Conflict of interest
Frida Schain works as a consultant for Janssen via Schain Research. Annica works as a consultant for Janssen via Scandinavian Development Services. Fredrik Borgsten and Marlene Mozart are employed by Janssen.
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Schain, F., Dominicus, A., Borgsten, F. et al. Real-word data on autologous stem cell transplantation in older patients with multiple myeloma. Ann Hematol 99, 375–376 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00277-019-03878-6
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s00277-019-03878-6