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Interactions Between Spatially Explicit Conservation and Management Measures: Implications for the Governance of Marine Protected Areas

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Abstract

Marine protected areas are not established in an institutional and governance vacuum and managers should pay attention to the wider social–ecological system in which they are immersed. This article examines Islas Choros-Damas Marine Reserve, a small marine protected area located in a highly productive and biologically diverse coastal marine ecosystem in northern Chile, and the interactions between human, institutional, and ecological dimensions beyond those existing within its boundaries. Through documents analysis, surveys, and interviews, we described marine reserve implementation (governing system) and the social and natural ecosystem-to-be-governed. We analyzed the interactions and the connections between the marine reserve and other spatially explicit conservation and/or management measures existing in the area and influencing management outcomes and governance. A top-down approach with poor stakeholder involvement characterized the implementation process. The marine reserve is highly connected with other spatially explicit measures and with a wider social–ecological system through various ecological processes and socio-economic interactions. Current institutional interactions with positive effects on the management and governance are scarce, although several potential interactions may be developed. For the study area, any management action must recognize interferences from outside conditions and consider some of them (e.g., ecotourism management) as cross-cutting actions for the entire social–ecological system. We consider that institutional interactions and the development of social networks are opportunities to any collective effort aiming to improve governance of Islas Choros-Damas marine reserve. Communication of connections and interactions between marine protected areas and the wider social–ecological system (as described in this study) is proposed as a strategy to improve stakeholder participation in Chilean marine protected areas.

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Notes

  1. Corresponds to structures and processes that provide the social and institutional context in which SECMMs operate.

  2. The range of individuals or groups involved, interested or affected by the decision.

  3. Corresponds to situations where the performance of one institution is significantly affected by the operation or consequences of another (Grilo 2011). In turn, institutions are prescriptions that humans use to organize all forms of repetitive and structured interactions (Ostrom 2005). This broad definition would include fishermen's organizations, government agencies, and MPAs as institutions among others.

  4. www.conaf.cl.

  5. http://www.elobservatodo.cl/video/denuncian-matanza-de-30-lobos-marinos-en-punta-de-choros. http://diarioeldia.cl/articulo/investigan-muerte-mas-600-aves-playa-punta-choros. Recently, the regional press reported the illegal slaughter of sea lions and seabirds in the area of Punta de Choros probably associated with dynamite fishing.

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Acknowledgments

We thank Ignacio Petit for his assistance in implementing field surveys, Rosa Garay-Flühmann for inspiring some aspects of this research, fishermen leaders of the Municipality of La Higuera for agreeing to be interviewed, and editor Andy Thorpe and three anonymous reviewers whose comments significantly improved the manuscript. This work is part of the partial requirements for FC to obtain a PhD in Biology and Applied Ecology. FC was supported by a CONICYT doctoral scholarship (Comisión Nacional de Investigación Científica y Tecnológica). Additional support was obtained from Centro de Estudios Avanzados en Zonas Áridas (CEAZA) and Chilean Millennium Initiative (ICM P05-002) and CONICYT (PFB-23) grants.

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  1. Departamento de Biología Marina, Programa de Doctorado en Biología y Ecología Aplicada, Universidad Católica del Norte, Larrondo 1281, Coquimbo, Chile

    P. Francisco Cárcamo

  2. Departamento de Medio Ambiente, Instituto de Fomento Pesquero, Doctor Marín 340, Coquimbo, Chile

    P. Francisco Cárcamo

  3. Departamento de Biología Marina, Universidad Católica del Norte & Centro de Estudios Avanzados en Zonas Áridas (CEAZA), Larrondo 1281, Coquimbo, Chile

    Carlos F. Gaymer

  4. Instituto de Ecología y Biodiversidad (IEB), Santiago, Chile

    Carlos F. Gaymer

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  1. P. Francisco Cárcamo
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Correspondence to Carlos F. Gaymer.

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Cárcamo, P.F., Gaymer, C.F. Interactions Between Spatially Explicit Conservation and Management Measures: Implications for the Governance of Marine Protected Areas. Environmental Management 52, 1355–1368 (2013). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00267-013-0167-9

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