Skip to main content

Advertisement

SpringerLink
Log in

Adverse Reactions to Injectable Soft Tissue Permanent Fillers

  • Published:
Aesthetic Plastic Surgery Aims and scope Submit manuscript

Abstract

Background

Synthetic injectable facial fillers with a permanent effect are widely atoxic and nonimmunogenic, but they differ with respect to composition and in chemical and biologic characteristics. Yet, they all act as foreign bodies in the tissues eliciting a host response that try to remove the gel. Inflammatory nodules may develop at the sites of injection-for some fillers, many years later, for others, not. Why is that?

Methods

Biopsies were contributed by various plastic surgeons from Europe and Australia after requests were made at international congresses and workshops. The study was based on (a) 5 biopsies from unreactive tissue obtained at different times after injection of polyacrylamide hydrogel (Aquamid); (b) 28 biopsies from intermediate or late inflammatory nodules after injection of polyacrylamide hydrogel (Aquamid) (20 cases), a hyaluronic acid-polyhydroxyethylmethacrylate/ethylmethacrylate gel (Dermalive) (2 cases), and a gel consisting of polylactic acid in mannitol/carbomethoxycellulose (New-Fill) (6 cases); and (c) a review of the literature on adverse reactions after injection with permanent fillers.

Results

Clinically unreactive tissues after injection with Aquamid showed modest or no host reaction. Inflammatory nodules showed an increased foreign body reaction and a bacterial infection after injection with Aquamid, and a combination of moderate foreign body reaction, fibrosis, and in some cases also bacterial infection after injection with Dermalive and New-Fill. According to the literature, inflammatory nodules occur no later than 1 year after injection with polyacrylamide hydrogel, but up to 6 years after injection of combination gels (Artecol), and up to 28 years after injection of silicone gel.

Conclusions

Inflammatory nodules are likely to be caused by a low-grade infection maintained within a biogfilm surrounding the hydrophobic silicone gel and the combination gels. Aquamid gel may prevent formation of a biofilm through its high water-binding capacity, explaining why late inflammatory nodules are not seen after injection of this polyacrylamide hydrogel product.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this article

Log in via an institution

Price excludes VAT (USA)
Tax calculation will be finalised during checkout.

Instant access to the full article PDF.

Institutional subscriptions

Figure 1
Figure 2
Figure 3
Figure 4
Figure 5
Figure 6
Figure 7
Figure 8
Figure 9
Figure 10

Similar content being viewed by others

References

  1. BM Achauer (1983) ArticleTitleA serious complication following medical-grade silicone injection of the face Plast Reconstr Surg 71 251–253 Occurrence Handle1:STN:280:BiyC3Mfht1Y%3D Occurrence Handle6823487

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  2. J Alcalay R Alcalay A Gat S Yorav (2003) ArticleTitleLate-onset granulomatous reaction to Artecol Dermatol Surg 29 59–62 Occurrence Handle10.1046/j.1524-4725.2003.29233.x Occurrence Handle12534514

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  3. O Allen (1992) ArticleTitleResponse to subdermal implantation of textured microimplants in humans Aesth Plast Surg 16 227–230 Occurrence Handle10.1007/BF00190068 Occurrence Handle1:STN:280:By2A38jpt1w%3D

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  4. ED Austad (2002) ArticleTitleBreast implant-related silicone granulomas: The literature and the litigation Plast Reconstr Surg 109 1724–1730 Occurrence Handle10.1097/00006534-200204150-00040 Occurrence Handle11932626

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  5. IAJM Bakker-Woudenberg AF Lokerse MT Ten Kate et al. (1993) ArticleTitle. Eur J Clin Microbiol Infect Dis 12 IssueIDSuppl 1 61–67

    Google Scholar 

  6. R Barlow W Torres P Sones A Someren (1980) ArticleTitleSonographic demonstration of migrating silicone AJR Am J Roentgenol 135 170–171 Occurrence Handle1:STN:280:Bi%2BB3sbhsFQ%3D Occurrence Handle6446850

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  7. LS Baumann ML Halem (2003) ArticleTitleLip silicone granulomatous foreign body reaction treated with aldara (Imiquimod 5%) Dermatol Surg 29 429–432 Occurrence Handle10.1046/j.1524-4725.2003.29102.x Occurrence Handle12656829

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  8. C Bergeret-Galley X Latouche Y-G Illouz (2001) ArticleTitleThe value of a new filler material in corrective and cosmetic surgery: DermaLive and DermaDeep Aesth Plast Surg 25 249–255 Occurrence Handle10.1007/s002660010131 Occurrence Handle1:STN:280:DC%2BD3MritFGkuw%3D%3D

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  9. X Bigata M Ribera I Bielsa C Ferrandiz (2001) ArticleTitleAdverse granulomatous reaction after cosmetic dermal silicone injection Dermatol Surg 27 198–200 Occurrence Handle10.1046/j.1524-4725.2001.00020.x Occurrence Handle1:STN:280:DC%2BD3MzjvVemsQ%3D%3D Occurrence Handle11207699

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  10. J Bommer E Ritz R Walsherr (1981) ArticleTitleSilicone-induced splenomegaly: Treatment of pancytopenia by splenectomia in a patient on hemodialysis N Engl J Med 305 1077–1079 Occurrence Handle1:STN:280:Bi2D3MzltlM%3D Occurrence Handle6268981

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  11. V Breiting A Aasted A Jorgensen P Opitz A Rosetzsky (2004) ArticleTitleA study on patients treated with polyacrylamide hydrogel injection for facial corrections Aesth Plast Surg 28 45–53 Occurrence Handle10.1007/s00266-003-3019-9

    Article  Google Scholar 

  12. L Christensen V Breiting J Vuust E Hogdall L Christensen V Breiting J Vuust E Hogdall (.) ArticleTitleAdverse reactions following infection with a permanent facial filler, polyacryl amide hydrogel (Aquamid): Causes and treatment Eur J Plast Surg . .

    Google Scholar 

  13. LC Christensen VB Breiting A Aasted A Jorgensen I Kebuladze (2003) ArticleTitleLong-term effects of polyacrylamide hydrogel (PAAG, Interfall/Contura SA) in human breast tissue Plast Reconstr Surg 111 1883–1890 Occurrence Handle10.1097/01.PRS.0000056873.87165.5A Occurrence Handle12711948

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  14. TD Cronin FJ Gerow (1964) Augmentation mammoplasty: A natural feel Excerpta Medica Princeton, NJ 41–49

    Google Scholar 

  15. Cutroneo-KR KM Sterling SuffixJr (2004) ArticleTitleHow do glucocorticoids compare to oligo decoys as inhibitors of collagen synthesis and potential toxicity of these therapeutics? J Cell Biochem 1 6–15 Occurrence Handle10.1002/jcb.20030

    Article  Google Scholar 

  16. RO Darouiche (2004) ArticleTitleTreatment of infections associated with surgical implants N Engl JMed 350 1422–1429 Occurrence Handle10.1056/NEJMra035415 Occurrence Handle1:CAS:528:DC%2BD2cXivVagtrs%3D

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  17. CE Davies MJ Wilson KE Hill P Stephens M Hill KG Harding DW Thomas (2001) ArticleTitleUse of molecular techniques to study microbial diversity in the skin: Chronic wounds reevaluated Wound Rep Reg 9 332–340 Occurrence Handle10.1046/j.1524-475x.2001.00332.x Occurrence Handle1:STN:280:DC%2BD387msVKiug%3D%3D

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  18. R Bree Particlede R Middelweerd I Waal Particlevan der (2004) ArticleTitleSevere granulomatous inflammatory response induced by injection of polyacrylamide gel into the facial tissue Arch Facial Plast Surg 6 204–206 Occurrence Handle10.1001/archfaci.6.3.204 Occurrence Handle15148133

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  19. W Cassia Novaes Particlede A Berg (2003) ArticleTitleExperience with a new nonbiodegradable hydrogel (Aquamid): A pilot study Aesth Plast Surg 27 376–380 Occurrence Handle10.1007/s00266-003-2119-x

    Article  Google Scholar 

  20. D Duffy (1990) ArticleTitleSilicone: A critical review Adv Dermatol 5 93–109 Occurrence Handle1:STN:280:By%2BA2szjsVQ%3D Occurrence Handle2204381

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  21. F Duranti G Salti M Bovani Bcalandra ML Rosati (1998) ArticleTitleInjectable hyaluronic acid for soft tissue augmentation: A clinical and histological study Dermatol Surg 24 1317–1325 Occurrence Handle1:STN:280:DyaK1M%2Fot1Oitw%3D%3D Occurrence Handle9865196

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  22. R Edwards KG Harding (2004) ArticleTitleBacteria and wound healing Curr Opin Infect Dis 17 91–96 Occurrence Handle15021046

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  23. HJ Englert P Brooks (1994) ArticleTitleScleroderma and augmentation mammoplasty: A causal relationship Aust N Z J Med 24 74–80 Occurrence Handle1:STN:280:ByuB2s7gslE%3D Occurrence Handle8002870

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  24. RA Ersek AA Beisang (1991) ArticleTitleBioplastique: A new textured copolymer microparticle promoses permanence in soft tissue augmentation Plast Reconstr Surg 33 693–702

    Google Scholar 

  25. G Ficarra A Mosqueda-Taylor R Carlos (2002) ArticleTitleSilicone granuloma of the facial tissues: A report of seven cases Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol 94 65–73

    Google Scholar 

  26. SS Gabriel M O’Fallon LT Kurland CM Beard JE Woods LJ III Melton (1994) ArticleTitleRisk of connective tissue diseases and other disorders after breast implantation N Engl Med 330 1697–1702 Occurrence Handle1:STN:280:ByuB2cjksFE%3D

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  27. G Gregoriadis (1992) ArticleTitleLiposomes as immunological adjuvants: Approaches to immunopotentiation including ligand-mediated targeting to macrophages Res Immunol 43 178–185

    Google Scholar 

  28. CW Hanke HR Higley DM Jolivette NA Swanson SJ Stegman (1991) ArticleTitleAbscess formation and local necrosis after treatment with Zyderm or Zyplast collagen implant J Am Acad Dermatol 25 319–326 Occurrence Handle1:STN:280:By2D3M3jsVM%3D Occurrence Handle1918471

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  29. R Hennekes HJ Garus (1989) ArticleTitleLate orbital complications following subcutaneous silicone injection Fortschr Ophthalmol 86 249–250 Occurrence Handle1:STN:280:BiaA3sbjs1Q%3D Occurrence Handle2668136

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  30. SL Hill MG Landavere NR Rose (1996) ArticleTitleThe adjuvant effect of silicone gel and silicone elastomer particles in rats Curr Top. Microbiol Immuno 123–137

    Google Scholar 

  31. C Hoffmann S Schuller-Petrovic HP Soyer H Kerl (1999) ArticleTitleAdverse reactions after cosmetic augmentation with permanent biologically inert implant materials J Am Acad Dermatol 40 100–102 Occurrence Handle1:STN:280:DyaK1M7hvV2qtg%3D%3D Occurrence Handle9922021

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  32. JS Jensen B Trap K Skydsgaard (1991) ArticleTitleDelayed contact hypersensitivity and surgical glove penetration with acrylic bone cements Arch Orthop Scand 62 24–28 Occurrence Handle1:STN:280:By6C28rltVY%3D

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  33. FM Kamer MM Churukian (1984) ArticleTitleClinical use of injectable collagen: A three-year retrospective review Arch Otolaryngol 110 93–98 Occurrence Handle1:STN:280:BiuC38jltlU%3D Occurrence Handle6696689

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  34. WJ Kao D Lee (1984) ArticleTitleIn vivo modulation of host response and macrophage behaviour by polymer networks grafted with the fibronectin-derived biomimetic oligopeptides: The role of RGD and PHSRN domains Biomaterials 22 2901–2909

    Google Scholar 

  35. N Kossovsky JP Heggers RW Parsons MC Robson (1984) ArticleTitleAcceleration of capsule formation around silicone implants by infection in a guinea pig model Plast Reconstr Surg 73 91–98 Occurrence Handle1:STN:280:BiuD1MngtlM%3D Occurrence Handle6361830

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  36. MC Krauss (1999) ArticleTitleRecent advances in soft tissue augmentation Semin Cutan Med Surg 18 119–128 Occurrence Handle1:STN:280:DyaK1Mzht1SjtA%3D%3D Occurrence Handle10385280

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  37. G Lemperle N Gauthier-Hazan M Lemperle (1998) ArticleTitlePMMA microspheres (Artecoll) for long-lasting correction of wrinkles: Part III. Refinements and statistics Aesth Plast Surg 22 356–365 Occurrence Handle1:STN:280:DyaK1cvktVSqug%3D%3D

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  38. G Lemperle N Hazan-Gauthier M Lemperle (1995) ArticleTitlePMMA microspheres (Artecoll) for skin and. soft tissue augmentation: Part II. Clinical investigations Plast Reconstr Surg 96 627–634 Occurrence Handle1:STN:280:ByqA28rks1A%3D Occurrence Handle7638287

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  39. G Lemperle V Morhenn U Charrier (2003) ArticleTitleHuman histology and persistence of various injectable filler substances for soft tissue augmentation Aesth Plast Surg 27 354–366

    Google Scholar 

  40. G Lemperle H Ott U Charrier J Hecker M Lemperle (1991) ArticleTitlePMMA microspheres for intradermal implantation: Part I Animal research. Ann Plast Surg 26 57–63 Occurrence Handle1:STN:280:By6C3sngvFU%3D

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  41. G Lemperle JJ Romano M Busso (2003) ArticleTitleSoft tissue augmentation with Artecoll: 10-year history, indications, technique, and complications Dermatol surg 29 573–587 Occurrence Handle12786699

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  42. AS Leong AP Disney DW Gove (1981) ArticleTitleRetractile particles in liver of hemodialysis patients Lancet 1 889–890 Occurrence Handle1:STN:280:Bi6C1Mnhtl0%3D

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  43. T Lombardi J Samson F Plantier C Husson R Kuffer (2004) ArticleTitleOrofacial granulomas after injection of cosmetic fillers: Histopathologic and clinical study of 11 cases J Oral Pathol Med 33 115–120 Occurrence Handle1:STN:280:DC%2BD2c%2FitlCktw%3D%3D Occurrence Handle14720198

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  44. JR Lupton TS Alster (2000) ArticleTitleCutaneous hypersensitivity reaction to injectable hyaluronic acid Dermatol Surg 26 135–137 Occurrence Handle1:STN:280:DC%2BD3cvgtFyjtA%3D%3D Occurrence Handle10691942

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  45. CS Maas ID Papel D Greene DA Stoker (1997) ArticleTitleComplications of injectable synthetic polymers in facial augmentation Dermatol Surg 23 871–877 Occurrence Handle1:STN:280:DyaK1c%2FitVeltw%3D%3D Occurrence Handle9357494

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  46. A Maly E Regev K Meir B Maly (2004) ArticleTitleTissue reaction to liquid silicone simulating low-grade liposarcoma following lip augmentation J Oral Pathol Med 33 314–316 Occurrence Handle15078494

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  47. N Mastruserio MJ Pesqueira MW Cobb (1996) ArticleTitleSevere granulomatous reaction and facial ulceration occurring after subcutaneous silicone injection J Am Acad Dermatol 34 849–852 Occurrence Handle1:STN:280:BymB3cbitVA%3D Occurrence Handle8632086

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  48. M McClelland B Egbert V Hanko RA Berg F DeLustro (1997) ArticleTitleEvaluation of Artecoll polymethylmethacrylate implant for soft tissue augmentation: Biocompability and chemical characterization Plast Reconstr Surg 100 1466–1474 Occurrence Handle1:STN:280:DyaK1c%2FksFOhtw%3D%3D Occurrence Handle9385958

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  49. DD McCollister CL Hake SE Sader VK Rowe (1965) ArticleTitleToxicologic investigations of polyacrylamides Toxicol Appl Pharmacol 7 639–651 Occurrence Handle1:CAS:528:DyaF2MXkvFamsbg%3D Occurrence Handle5866801

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  50. B Milojevic (1982) ArticleTitleComplications after silicone injection therapy in aesthetic plastic surgery Aesth Plast Surg 6 203–206 Occurrence Handle1:STN:280:BiyB3c%2Fns1M%3D

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  51. KS Moe RA Weisman (2001) ArticleTitleResorbable fixation in facial plastic and head and neck reconstructive surgery: an initial report on polylactic acid implants Laryngoscope 111 1697–1701 Occurrence Handle1:STN:280:DC%2BD38%2FntlehtQ%3D%3D Occurrence Handle11801928

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  52. JP Montheard M Chatzopoulos D Chappard (1992) ArticleTitle2-Hydroxy-ethyl methacrylate (HEMA): Chemical properties and applications in biomedical fields Rev Macromol Chem Phys C32 1 Occurrence Handle1:CAS:528:DyaK38XislyrtQ%3D%3D

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  53. JO Naim KM Ippolito CJ Oss Particlevan (1997) ArticleTitleAdjuvancy effect of different types of silicone gel J Biomed Mater Res 37 534–538 Occurrence Handle1:CAS:528:DyaK2sXns12qt7s%3D Occurrence Handle9407302

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  54. DT Netscher G Weizer P Wigoda LE Walker J Thornby D Bowen (1995) ArticleTitleClinical relevance of positive breast periprosthetic cultures without overt infection Plast Reconstr Surg 96 1125–1129 Occurrence Handle1:STN:280:BymD3MfpvVc%3D Occurrence Handle7568489

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  55. I Niachajev (2000) ArticleTitleLip enhancement: Surgical alternatives and histologic aspects Plast Reconstr Surg 105 1173–1183 Occurrence Handle10724279

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  56. RM Pearl DR Laub EN Kaplan (1983) ArticleTitleComplications following silicone injections for augmentation of the contour of the face Plast Reconstr Surg 71 251–253 Occurrence Handle1:STN:280:BiyC3Mfht1Y%3D Occurrence Handle6823487

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  57. L Pimentel M Barnadas D Vidal F Sancho R Fontarnau A Alomar (2002) ArticleTitleSimultaneous presentation of silicone and silica granuloma Dermatology 205 162–165 Occurrence Handle12218233

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  58. MJ Rapaport C Vinnik H Zarem (1996) ArticleTitleInjectable silicone: Cause of facial nodules, cellulites, ulceration, and migration Aesth Plast Surg 20 267–276 Occurrence Handle10.1007/s002669900032 Occurrence Handle1:STN:280:BymA38vitVU%3D

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  59. R Raszewski B Guyuron RH Lash JT McMahon RJ Tuthill (1999) ArticleTitleA severe fibrotic reaction after cosmetic liquid silicone injection J Cranio-Max Surg 18 225–228

    Google Scholar 

  60. E-M Reisberger M Landthaler L Wiest J Schroder W Stolz (2003) ArticleTitleForeign body granulomas caused by polymethylmethacrylate microspheres Arch Dermatol 139 17–20 Occurrence Handle10.1001/archderm.139.1.17 Occurrence Handle12533157

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  61. C Requena MJ Izquierdo M Navarro A Martinez JJ Vilata R Botella J Amorrortu V Sabater A Aliaga L Requena (2001) ArticleTitleAdverse reactions to injectable aesthetic microimplants Am J Dermatol 23 197–202 Occurrence Handle10.1097/00000372-200106000-00006 Occurrence Handle1:STN:280:DC%2BD3MzltVCntQ%3D%3D

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  62. CM Rudolph P Soyer S Schuller-Petrovic et al. (1999) ArticleTitleForeign body granulomas due to injectable aesthetic microimplants Am J Surg Pathol 23 113–117 Occurrence Handle1:STN:280:DyaK1M7gtlOrtA%3D%3D Occurrence Handle9888711

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  63. AH Schmidt MF Swiontkowski (2000) ArticleTitlePatophysiology of infections after internal fixation of fractures J Am Acad Orthop Surg 8 285–291 Occurrence Handle1:STN:280:DC%2BD3M%2FjtVKrtA%3D%3D Occurrence Handle11029556

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  64. VJ Selmanowitz N Orentreich (1977) ArticleTitleMedical-grade fluid silicone: A monographic review J Dermatol Surg Oncol 3 597–611 Occurrence Handle1:STN:280:CSeD28jjtFQ%3D Occurrence Handle338654

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  65. P Senet H Bachelez L Ollivaud D Vignon-Pennamen L Dubertret (1999) ArticleTitleMinocycline for the treatment of cutaneous silicone granulomas Br J Dermatol 140 963–991 Occurrence Handle10354044

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  66. Serdev N, Topalov I (1996) Use of PAA-Gel in some congenital anomalies of the chest. In: Proceedings of the 30th World Congress of the International College of Surgeons, Kyoto, Japan, November 25-29, 1996

  67. RM Silver EE Sahn JA Aleen et al. (1993) ArticleTitleDemonstration of silicone in sites of connective tissue disease in patients with silicone gel breast implants Arch Dermatol 129 63–68 Occurrence Handle1:STN:280:ByyC38fpvVQ%3D Occurrence Handle8420493

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  68. EA Smith FW Oehme (1991) ArticleTitleAcrylamide and polyacrylamide: A review of production, use, environmental fate, and neurotoxicity Rev Environ Health 9 215–228 Occurrence Handle1:CAS:528:DyaK3sXos1Gjsg%3D%3D Occurrence Handle1668792

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  69. TA Syed (2001) ArticleTitleA review of the applications of imiquimod: A novel immune response modifier Expert Opin Pharmacother 2 877–882 Occurrence Handle1:CAS:528:DC%2BD3MXjvVeltLs%3D Occurrence Handle12219723

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  70. L Tang JW Eaton (1995) ArticleTitleInflammatory responses to biomaterials Am J Clin Pathol 103 466–471 Occurrence Handle1:STN:280:ByqB2czitVI%3D Occurrence Handle7726145

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  71. JL Thomsen L Christensen M Nielsen B Brandt VB Breiting S Felby E Nielsen (1990) ArticleTitleHistologic changes and silicone concentrations in human breast tissue surrounding silicone breast prostheses Plast Reconstr Surg 85 38–41 Occurrence Handle1:STN:280:By%2BD1czks1Y%3D Occurrence Handle2293734

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  72. JW Thornton LC Argenta KD McClatchey MW Marks (1988) ArticleTitleStudies on the endogenous flora of the human breast An. Plast Surg 20 39–42 Occurrence Handle1:STN:280:BieC3s3ktV0%3D

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  73. M Toyoda M Morohashi (2001) ArticleTitlePathogenesis of acne Med Electron Microsc 34 29–41 Occurrence Handle1:CAS:528:DC%2BD3MXmsF2qsro%3D Occurrence Handle11479771

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  74. WD Travis K Balough JL Abraham (1985) ArticleTitleSilicone granulomas: Report of three cases and review of the literature Hum Pathol 16 19–27 Occurrence Handle1:STN:280:BiqC38bhtFU%3D Occurrence Handle3882545

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  75. SJ Vandecasteele WE Peetermans A Carbonez JV Eldre (2004) ArticleTitleMetabolic activity of staphylococcus epidermidis is high during initial and low during late experimental foreign body infection J Bact 186 2236–2239 Occurrence Handle1:CAS:528:DC%2BD2cXjsV2jtbY%3D Occurrence Handle15060024

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  76. J Varga R Schumacher SA Jimenez (1989) ArticleTitleSystemic sclerosis after augmentation mammoplasty with silicone implants Ann Intern Med 111 377–387 Occurrence Handle1:STN:280:BiaA2cbptVI%3D Occurrence Handle2669593

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  77. S Varma LW Johnson HL Ferguson WV Lumb (1981) ArticleTitleTissue reaction to suture materials in infected surgical wounds: A histopathologic evaluaton Am J Vet Res 42 563–570 Occurrence Handle1:STN:280:Bi2C3szislA%3D Occurrence Handle6277211

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  78. CP Virden MK Dobke P Stein (1992) ArticleTitleSubclinical infection of the silicone breast implant surface as a possible cause of capsular contracture Aesth Plast Surg 16 173–179 Occurrence Handle1:STN:280:By2B3sfktVM%3D

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  79. Von Bulow S, Pallua N, von Heimburg D (2004) Efficacy and safety of polyacrylamide hydrogel for facial soft tissue augmentation: A prospective multi centre study for evaluation of safety and aesthetic results in 228 patients. Plast Reconstr Surg, in press

    Google Scholar 

  80. IB Wall CE Davies KE Hill MJ Wilson P Stephens KG Harding DW Thomas (2002) ArticleTitlePotential role of anaerobic cocci in impaired human wound healing Wound Rep Reg 10 346–353

    Google Scholar 

  81. C Waydhas D Nast-Kolb A Trupka S Lenk KH Duswald L Schweiberer M Jochum (1993) ArticleTitleIncreased serum concentrations of procollagen type III peptide in severly injured patients: An indicator of fibrosing activity? Crit Care Med 21 240–247 Occurrence Handle1:STN:280:ByyC2MvgvFI%3D Occurrence Handle8428476

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  82. RC Webster NS Fuleihan US Hamdan et al. (1986) ArticleTitle: Injectable silicone: Report of 17,000 facial treatments since 1962 Am J Cosmetic Surg 3 41–48

    Google Scholar 

  83. KE Wells CW Cruse JL Baker Ir SM Daniels RA Stern C Newmann MJ Seleznick FB Vasey S Brozena SE Albers et al. (1994) ArticleTitleThe health status of women following cosmetic surgery Plast Reconstr Surg 93 907–912 Occurrence Handle1:STN:280:ByuC1c7mvVY%3D Occurrence Handle8134482

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  84. MG Wickham R Rudolph JL Abraham (1978) ArticleTitleSilicon identification in prosthesis-associated fibrous capsules Science 199 437–439 Occurrence Handle1:CAS:528:DyaE1cXhtFGjs7w%3D Occurrence Handle619466

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  85. TF. Wilkie (1977) ArticleTitleLate development of granuloma after liquid silicone injections Plast Reconstr Surg 60 179–188 Occurrence Handle1:STN:280:CSiB3svotF0%3D Occurrence Handle887659

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  86. O Winding L Christensen JL Thomsen VB Breiting B Brandt (1988) ArticleTitleSin human breast tissue surrounding silicone gel prostheses Scand J Plast Reconstr Surg Hand Surg 22 127–130 Occurrence Handle1:STN:280:BiaD2czot1Q%3D Occurrence Handle3187446

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  87. LH Winer TH Sternberg R Lehman FL Ashley (1964) ArticleTitleTissue reactions to injected silicone liquids Arch Dermatol 90 588–593 Occurrence Handle1:STN:280:CCqD3M7isVE%3D Occurrence Handle14206865

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  88. JM Zeller (1983) ArticleTitleSurgical implants: Physiological response AORNJ 37 1284–1291 Occurrence Handle1:STN:280:BiyB2MvotVU%3D

    CAS  Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Pathology, Rigshospitalet, University Hospital of Copenhagen, Denmark

    Lise Christensen M.D. Ph.D.

  2. Holte Clinic of Plastic Surgery, Holte, Denmark

    Vibeke Breiting M.D.

  3. Esthetische Hoeve, Helvoirt, The Netherlands

    Martin Janssen M.D.

  4. Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Statens Serum Institute, Copenhagen, Denmark

    Jens Vuust M.D. Ph.D.

  5. Department of Virus, Hormones and Cancer, Danish Cancer Society, Copenhagen, Denmark

    Estrid Hogdall M.Sc. Ph.D.

Authors
  1. Lise Christensen M.D. Ph.D.
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  2. Vibeke Breiting M.D.
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  3. Martin Janssen M.D.
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  4. Jens Vuust M.D. Ph.D.
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  5. Estrid Hogdall M.Sc. Ph.D.
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Lise Christensen M.D. Ph.D..

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

About this article

Cite this article

Christensen, L., Breiting, V., Janssen, M. et al. Adverse Reactions to Injectable Soft Tissue Permanent Fillers. Aesth Plast Surg 29, 34–48 (2005). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00266-004-0113-6

Download citation

  • Received:

  • Accepted:

  • Published:

  • Issue Date:

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s00266-004-0113-6

Keywords

Search

Navigation