References
Atema J, Kingsford MJ, Gerlach G (2002) Larval reef fish could use odour for detection, retention and orientation to reefs. Mar Ecol Prog Ser 241:151–160. https://doi.org/10.3354/meps241151
Baptista V, Costa EFS, Carere C, Morais P, Cruz J, Castanho S, Ribeiro L, Pousão-Ferreira P, Leitão F, Teodósio MA (2020) Does consistent individual variability in pelagic fish larval behaviour affect recruitment in nursery habitats? Behav Ecol Sociobiol 74:67. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00265-020-02841-0
Chícharo L (1988) Contribuição para o estudo do ictioplâncton no estuário do Guadiana. BSc thesis, Universidade do Algarve
Díaz-Gil C, Cotgrove L, Smee SL, Simón-Otegui D, Hinz H, Grau A, Palmer M, Catalán IA (2017) Anthropogenic chemical cues can alter the swimming behaviour of juvenile stages of a temperate fish. Mar Environ Res 125:34–41. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.marenvres.2016.11.009
Døving KB, Stabell OB, Östlund-Nilsson S, Fisher R (2006) Site fidelity and homing in tropical coral reef cardinal fish: are they using olfactory cues? Chem Senses 31:265–272. https://doi.org/10.1093/chemse/bjj028
Gerlach G, Atema J, Kingsford MJ, Black KP, Miller-Sims V (2007) Smelling home can prevent dispersal of reef fish larvae. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 104:858–863. https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.0606777104
Golden Software (2002) SURFER, version 8. Golden Software Inc., Golden
Gouraguine A, Díaz-Gil C, Sundin J, Moranta J, Jutfelt F (2019) Density differences between water masses preclude laminar flow in two-current choice flumes. Oecologia 189:875–881. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00442-019-04363-7
Gouraguine A, Sundin J, Díaz-Gil C (2021) Using water masses of different temperature and salinity in two-channel choice chambers is unsuitable due to density differences: a comment on Baptista et al. (2020). Behav Ecol Sociobiol 75
Hale R, Downes BJ, Swearer SE (2008) Habitat selection as a source of inter-specific differences in recruitment of two diadromous fish species. Freshw Biol 53:2145–2157. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2427.2008.02037.x
James NC, Cowley PD, Whitfield AK, Kaiser H (2008) Choice chamber experiments to test the attraction of postflexion Rhabdosargus holubi larvae to water of estuarine and riverine origin. Estuar Coast Shelf Sci 77:143–149. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecss.2007.09.010
Kingsford MJ, Leis JM, Shanks A, Lindeman KC, Morgan SG, Pineda J (2002) Sensory environments, larval abilities and local self-recruitment. Bull Mar Sci 70:309–340
Lecchini D, Shima J, Banaigs B, Galzin R (2005) Larval sensory abilities and mechanisms of habitat selection of a coral reef fish during settlement. Oecologia 143:326–334. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00442-004-1805-y
Lindeman KC, Pugiese R, Waugh GT, Ault JS (2000) Developmental patterns within a multispecies reef fishery: management applications for essential fish habitats and protected areas. Bull Mar Sci 66:929–956
Morais P, Chícharo MA, Chícharo L (2009) Changes in a temperate estuary during the filling of the biggest European dam. Sci Total Environ 407:2245–2259. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2008.11.037
Morais P, Parra MP, Baptista V, Ribeiro L, Pousão-Ferreira P, Teodósio MA (2017) Response of Gilthead Seabream (Sparus aurata L., 1758) larvae to nursery odour cues as described by a new set of behavioural indexes. Front Mar Sci 4:318. https://doi.org/10.3389/fmars.2017.00318
Munday PL, Dixson DL, Donelson JM, Jones GP, Pratchett MS, Devitsina GV, Døving KB (2009) Ocean acidification impairs olfactory discrimination and homing ability of a marine fish. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 106:1848–1852. https://doi.org/10.1073/PNAS.0809996106
O'Connor JJ, Booth DJ, Swearer SE, Fielder DS, Leis JM (2017) Ontogenetic milestones of chemotactic behaviour reflect innate species-specific response to habitat cues in larval fish. Anim Behav 132:61–71. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.anbehav.2017.07.026
Pecl GT, Araújo MB, Bell JD et al (2017) Biodiversity redistribution under climate change: impacts on ecosystems and human wellbeing. Science 355:eaai9214. https://doi.org/10.1126/science.aai9214
Pistevos JC, Nagelkerken I, Rossi T, Connell SD (2017) Ocean acidification alters temperature and salinity preferences in larval fish. Oecologia 183:545–553. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00442-016-3778-z
R Core Team (2019) R: a language and environment for statistical computing. R. Foundation for Statistical Computing, Vienna, Austria, https://www.R-project.org
Radford CA, Sim-Smith CJ, Jeffs AG (2012) Can larval snapper, Pagrus auratus, smell their new home? Mar Freshw Res 63:898–904. https://doi.org/10.1071/MF12118
Rossi T, Pistevos JCA, Connell SD, Nagelkerken I (2018) On the wrong track: ocean acidification attracts larval fish to irrelevant environmental cues. Sci Rep 8:5840. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-018-24026-6
Schindelin J, Arganda-Carreras I, Frise E, Kaynig V, Longair M, Pietzsch T, Preibisch S, Rueden C, Saalfeld S, Schmid B, Tinevez JY, White DJ, Hartenstein V, Eliceiri K, Tomancak P, Cardona A (2012) Fiji: an open-source platform for biological-image analysis. Nat Methods 9:676–682. https://doi.org/10.1038/nmeth.2019
Teodósio MA, Paris CB, Wolanski E, Morais P (2016) Biophysical processes leading to the ingress of temperate fish larvae into estuarine nursery areas: a review. Estuar Coast Shelf Sci 183:187–202. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecss.2016.10.022
Vergassola M, Villermaux E, Shraiman BI (2007) “Infotaxis” as a strategy for searching without gradients. Nature 445:406–409. https://doi.org/10.1038/nature05464
Vicente P, Martins-Cardoso S, Almada F, Gonçalves EJ, Faria AM (2020) Chemical cues from habitats and conspecifics guide sand-smelt Atherina presbyter larvae to reefs. Mar Ecol Prog Ser 650:191–202. https://doi.org/10.3354/meps13311
Weller H, Westneat M (2019) Quantitative color profiling of digital images with earth mover’s distance using the R package colordistance. PeerJ 7:e6398. https://doi.org/10.7717/peerj.6398
Acknowledgements
First and foremost, we would like to acknowledge the invaluable comments provided by two anonymous reviewers who helped improve the initial version of this article.
Funding
This study received Portuguese national funds from FCT—Foundation for Science and Technology through project UIDB/04326/2020.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Ethics declarations
Ethical approval
All the experiments were conducted following the Guidelines of the European Union Council (86/609/EU) and Portuguese legislation for the use of laboratory animals, and enforced by CCMAR. CCMAR staff are certified to house and conduct experiments with live animals, and their facilities are also certified by the three “R” policy, national and European legislation, and guidelines defined by the ethical committee ORBEA CCMAR-CBMR.
Ethical statement
This article is all original work, and has not been published previously (partially or in full). No data in this article have been fabricated or manipulated, and all the authors gave consent to submit this and have contributed sufficiently to the scientific work.
Conflict of interest
The authors declare no competing interests.
Additional information
Communicated by J. Lindström
Publisher’s note
Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.
Supplementary Information
Online Resource 3
Data used in the analyzes presented in this article, including the time and position of larvae in the Gerlach chamber (XLSX 81 kb)
Online Resource 4
R script and Figs generated through the package R Markdown, used in the analyzes presented in this article (DOCX 1339 kb)
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Baptista, V., Morais, P., Costa, E.F.S. et al. The ocean in a box: water density gradients and discontinuities in water masses are important cues guiding fish larvae towards estuarine nursery grounds. Behav Ecol Sociobiol 75, 67 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00265-021-03005-4
Received:
Revised:
Accepted:
Published:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s00265-021-03005-4