Abstract
Female orangutans exhibit natal philopatry, living in stable home ranges that overlap with those of their maternal relatives. Using data collected from 2003 to 2017 at Tuanan in Central Kalimantan, Indonesia, we take a longitudinal approach to better understand the mechanisms of female philopatry and the factors that influence the home range establishment process of young female orangutans (Pongo pygmaeus wurmbii). Data on movement and sociality were collected during nest-to-nest focal follows of individual orangutans; four young nulli/primiparous females, their three multiparous mothers, and seven other unrelated adult females living in the same area. Our results show that a young female goes through an ‘exploration phase’, beginning when she is an independent immature and lasting through her adolescence, characterized by an increase in home range size and distance travelled each day. This exploration is facilitated by high resource availability and association with adult males. A young female maintains a high degree of overlap with her natal range but gradually decrease the degree of overlap with her mother’s concurrent range. By the time she is a sexually active adolescent, a young female and her mother share as much overlap as a young female does with other related adult females, although she continues to associate more with her mother than with them, even after the birth of her first offspring. Our findings indicate that the high habitat productivity and high orangutan population density of Tuanan lead to a high degree of life-time site fidelity and overlap among maternal kin.
Significance statement
The mechanisms of philopatry and the process of home range establishment among solitary animals with slow life histories are difficult to study and poorly understood for most species. We investigated this process among female Bornean orangutans, using a unique long-term data set comprising 15 years of social and spatial data. We analysed changes in the ranging and association patterns of young female orangutans as they developed, matured and became mothers. We found that females went through a post-dependence phase of exploration characterized by an increase in range size and day journey length, and then settled into home ranges that overlapped highly with their mothers and other female kin, though they associated preferentially with their mothers. Our results illuminate the extreme long-term site fidelity of these female orangutans and emphasize the ecological and social importance of female philopatry among orangutans.
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Acknowledgments
We are grateful to the Indonesian Institute of Science (LIPI), the Indonesian State Ministry of Research, Technology and Higher Education (RisTekDikti), the Director General of Natural Resources and Ecosystems Conservation-Ministry of Environment and Forestry of Indonesia (KSDAE-KLHK), the Ministry of Internal Affairs, the Nature Conservation Agency of Central Kalimantan (BKSDA), the local government in Central Kalimantan, Kapuas Protection Forest Management Unit (KPHL), the Bornean Orangutan Survival Foundation (BOSF-Indonesia) and BOS MAWAS in Palangkaraya for their permission and support to conduct this research. We also thank the Fakultas Biologi Universitas Nasional (UNAS) in Jakarta for their collaboration and support for the Tuanan project. We are indebted to our field team, including all local assistants, volunteers, students, camp managers, and Dr. Erin Vogel for their help with collecting data. We thank Dr. Luca Börger, Dr. Gabriele Cozzi and Dr. John Fieberg for their in-depth instruction in R coding and spatial analysis at the Movement Ecology Summer School 2017, organized through the Life Sciences Zurich Graduate School. For major financial support, we thank the Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council of Canada (NSERC), the University of Zurich, the A.H. Schultz Stiftung and the Swiss National Science Foundation (grant no. 310030B_160363/1). We thank David Watts and two anonymous reviewers for their helpful feedback on this manuscript.
Funding
This study was funded by the Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council of Canada (NSERC), the University of Zurich, the A.H. Schultz Stiftung and the Swiss National Science Foundation (Grant No. 310030B_160363/1).
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Ashbury, A.M., Willems, E.P., Utami Atmoko, S.S. et al. Home range establishment and the mechanisms of philopatry among female Bornean orangutans (Pongo pygmaeus wurmbii) at Tuanan. Behav Ecol Sociobiol 74, 42 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00265-020-2818-1
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s00265-020-2818-1