Abstract
Purpose
The objective of this study was to develop a numeric tool to automate the analysis of deformity from lower limb telemetry and assess its accuracy. Our hypothesis was that artificial intelligence (AI) algorithm would be able to determine mechanical and anatomical angles to within 1°.
Methods
After institutional review board approval, 1175 anonymized patient telemetries were extracted from a database of more than ten thousand telemetries. From this selection, 31 packs of telemetries were composed and sent to 11 orthopaedic surgeons for analysis. Each surgeon had to identify on the telemetries fourteen landmarks allowing determination of the following four angles: hip-knee-ankle angle (HKA), medial proximal tibial angle (MPTA), lateral distal femoral angle (LDFA), and joint line convergence angle (JLCA). An algorithm based on a machine learning process was trained on our database to automatically determine angles. The reliability of the algorithm was evaluated by calculating the difference of determination precision between the surgeons and the algorithm.
Results
The analysis time for obtaining 28 points and 8 angles per image was 48 ± 12 s for the algorithm. The average difference between the angles measured by the surgeons and the algorithm was around 1.9° for all the angles of interest: 1.3° for HKA, 1.6° for MPTA, 2.1° for LDFA, and 2.4° for JLCA. Intraclass correlation was greater than 95% for all angles.
Conclusion
The algorithm showed high accuracy for automated angle measurement, allowing the estimation of limb frontal alignment to the nearest degree.
Similar content being viewed by others
References
Ekeland A, Nerhus TK, Dimmen S et al (2017) Good functional results following high tibial opening-wedge osteotomy of knees with medial osteoarthritis. Knee 24:380–389. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.knee.2016.12.005
Jacquet C, Gulagaci F, Schmidt A et al (2020) Opening wedge high tibial osteotomy allows better outcomes than unicompartmental knee arthroplasty in patients expecting to return to impact sports. Knee Surg Sports Traumatol Arthrosc 28:3849–3857. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00167-020-05857-1
Brinkman J-M, Lobenhoffer P, Agneskirchner JD, et al (2008) Osteotomies around the knee: patient selection, stability of fixation and bone healing in high tibial osteotomies. J Bone Joint Surg Br 90-B:1548–1557 https://doi.org/10.1302/0301-620X.90B12.21198
Paley D, Herzenberg JE, Tetsworth K et al (1994) Deformity planning for frontal and sagittal plane corrective osteotomies. Orthop Clin North Am 25:425–465
Quirno M, Campbell KA, Singh B et al (2017) Distal femoral varus osteotomy for unloading valgus knee malalignment: a biomechanical analysis. Knee Surg Sports Traumatol Arthrosc 25:863–868. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00167-015-3602-z
Pape D, Hoffmann A, Seil R (2017) Bildgebung und präoperative Planung bei perigenikulären Osteotomien. Oper Orthop Traumatol 29:280–293. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00064-017-0496-6
Moore J, Mychaltchouk L, Lavoie F (2017) Applicability of a modified angular correction measurement method for open-wedge high tibial osteotomy. Knee Surg Sports Traumatol Arthrosc 25:846–852. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00167-015-3954-4
Mirouse G, Dubory A, Roubineau F et al (2017) Failure of high tibial varus osteotomy for lateral tibio-femoral osteoarthritis with < 10° of valgus: outcomes in 19 patients. Orthop Traumatol Surg Res 103:953–958. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.otsr.2017.03.020
Micicoi G, Jacquet C, Sharma A et al (2021) Neutral alignment resulting from tibial vara and opposite femoral valgus is the main morphologic pattern in healthy middle-aged patients: an exploration of a 3D-CT database. Knee Surg Sports Traumatol Arthrosc Off J ESSKA 29:849–858. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00167-020-06030-4
Schindelin J, Arganda-Carreras I, Frise E et al (2012) Fiji: an open-source platform for biological-image analysis. Nat Methods 9:676–682. https://doi.org/10.1038/nmeth.2019
Ronneberger O, Fischer P, Brox T (2015) U-Net: Convolutional networks for biomedical image segmentation. ArXiv150504597 Cs
Paley D (2002) Normal lower limb alignment and joint orientation. Principles of deformity correction. Springer, Berlin Heidelberg, Berlin, Heidelberg, pp 1–18
Hirschmann MT, Hess S, Behrend H et al (2019) Phenotyping of hip-knee-ankle angle in young non-osteoarthritic knees provides better understanding of native alignment variability. Knee Surg Sports Traumatol Arthrosc Off J ESSKA 27:1378–1384. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00167-019-05507-1
Moser LB, Hess S, Amsler F et al (2019) Native non-osteoarthritic knees have a highly variable coronal alignment: a systematic review. Knee Surg Sports Traumatol Arthrosc Off J ESSKA 27:1359–1367. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00167-019-05417-2
Elyasi E, Perrier A, Payan Y (2019) Biomechanical modelling of knee joint for assisting high tibial osteotomy. Proceedings of the 27th Congress of the International Society of Biomechanics (ISB’2019), July 2019, Calgary, Canada
Sohn S, Koh IJ, Kim MS, In Y (2020) Risk factors and preventive strategy for excessive coronal inclination of tibial plateau following medial opening-wedge high tibial osteotomy. Arch Orthop Trauma Surg. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00402-020-03660-8
Miniaci A, Ballmer FT, Ballmer PM, Jakob RP (1989) Proximal tibial osteotomy. A new fixation device. Clin Orthop 250–259
Dugdale TW, Noyes FR, Styer D (1992) Preoperative planning for high tibial osteotomy. The effect of lateral tibiofemoral separation and tibiofemoral length. Clin Orthop 248–264
Feucht MJ, Minzlaff P, Saier T et al (2014) Degree of axis correction in valgus high tibial osteotomy: proposal of an individualised approach. Int Orthop 38:2273–2280. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00264-014-2442-7
Henckel J, Richards R, Lozhkin K, et al (2006) Very low-dose computed tomography for planning and outcome measurement in knee replacement: the imperial knee protocol. J Bone Joint Surg Br 88-B:1513–1518 https://doi.org/10.1302/0301-620X.88B11.17986
Escott BG, Ravi B, Weathermon AC et al (2013) EOS low-dose radiography: a reliable and accurate upright assessment of lower-limb lengths. J Bone Jt Surg 95:e183. https://doi.org/10.2106/JBJS.L.00989
Chernchujit B, Tharakulphan S, Prasetia R et al (2019) Preoperative planning of medial opening wedge high tibial osteotomy using 3D computer-aided design weight-bearing simulated guidance: technique and preliminary result. J Orthop Surg 27:230949901983145. https://doi.org/10.1177/2309499019831455
Guggenberger R, Pfirrmann CWA, Koch PP, Buck FM (2014) Assessment of lower limb length and alignment by biplanar linear radiography: comparison with supine CT and upright full-length radiography. Am J Roentgenol 202:W161–W167. https://doi.org/10.2214/AJR.13.10782
Babazadeh S, Dowsey MM, Bingham RJ et al (2013) The long leg radiograph is a reliable method of assessing alignment when compared to computer-assisted navigation and computer tomography. Knee 20:242–249. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.knee.2012.07.009
Tardy N, Steltzlen C, Bouguennec N et al (2020) Is patient-specific instrumentation more precise than conventional techniques and navigation in achieving planned correction in high tibial osteotomy? Orthop Traumatol Surg Res 106:S231–S236. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.otsr.2020.08.009
Vasta S, Zampogna B, Uribe-Echevarria Marbach B, et al (2019) Correlation of pre-operative planning to surgical correction of opening wedge HTO: a radiographic study utilizing a manual measurement method. J Biol Regul Homeost Agents 33:187–193 XIX Congresso Nazionale S.I.C.O.O.P. Societa’ Italiana Chirurghi Ortopedici Dell’ospedalita’ Privata Accreditata
Blackburn J, Ansari A, Porteous A, Murray J (2018) Reliability of two techniques and training level of the observer in measuring the correction angle when planning a high tibial osteotomy. Knee 25:130–134. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.knee.2017.11.007
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Ethics declarations
Ethical approval
Ethical approval was obtained from review board approval.
Informed consent
Informed consent was obtained from all individual participants included in the study.
Conflict of interest
MO is an educational consultant for Newclip Technics.
JNA is an educational consultant for Zimmer Biomet.
Additional information
Publisher’s Note
Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.
Rights and permissions
Springer Nature or its licensor (e.g. a society or other partner) holds exclusive rights to this article under a publishing agreement with the author(s) or other rightsholder(s); author self-archiving of the accepted manuscript version of this article is solely governed by the terms of such publishing agreement and applicable law.
About this article
Cite this article
Bernard de Villeneuve, F., Jacquet, C., El Kadim, B. et al. An artificial intelligence based on a convolutional neural network allows a precise analysis of the alignment of the lower limb. International Orthopaedics (SICOT) 47, 511–518 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00264-022-05634-4
Received:
Accepted:
Published:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s00264-022-05634-4