Abstract
With advancements in cancer treatment, the survival rates for many malignancies have increased. However, both the primary tumors and the treatments themselves can give rise to various complications. Acute symptoms in oncology patients require prompt attention. Abdominopelvic oncologic emergencies can be classified into four distinct categories: vascular, bowel, hepatopancreatobiliary, and bone-related complications. Radiologists need to be familiar with these complications to ensure timely diagnosis, which ultimately enhances patient outcomes.
Graphical abstract
Similar content being viewed by others
References
Hsu, J., et al., National characteristics of Emergency Department visits by patients with cancer in the United States. Am J Emerg Med, 2018. 36(11): p. 2038-2043.
Tirumani, S.H., et al., MDCT of abdominopelvic oncologic emergencies. Cancer Imaging, 2013. 13(2): p. 238-52.
Halfdanarson, T.R., W.J. Hogan, and T.J. Moynihan, Oncologic emergencies: diagnosis and treatment. Mayo Clin Proc, 2006. 81(6): p. 835-48.
Uyeda, J.W., Utility of MR Imaging in Abdominopelvic Emergencies. Radiol Clin North Am, 2019. 57(4): p. 705-715.
Gomez, E., et al., CT of acute abdominopelvic hemorrhage: protocols, pearls, and pitfalls. Abdom Radiol (NY), 2022. 47(1): p. 475-484.
Cartoni, C., et al., Hemorrhagic complications in patients with advanced hematological malignancies followed at home: an Italian experience. Leukemia & Lymphoma, 2009. 50(3): p. 387-391.
Wang, M.X., et al., Gastrointestinal bleeding: imaging and interventions in cancer patients. The British Journal of Radiology, 2022. 95(1135): p. 20211158.
Savatmongkorngul, S., S. Wongwaisayawan, and R. Kaewlai, Focused assessment with sonography for trauma: current perspectives. Open Access Emerg Med, 2017. 9: p. 57-62.
Chong, W.K., V. Papadopoulou, and P.A. Dayton, Imaging with ultrasound contrast agents: current status and future. Abdom Radiol (NY), 2018. 43(4): p. 762-772.
Gaillard F, Y.J., Saber M, et al. Hemorrhage on MRI. 2023; Available from: https://radiopaedia.org/articles/haemorrhage-on-mri?lang=us.
Takahashi, T., et al., An enhanced risk-group stratification system for more practical prognostication of clinically malignant gastrointestinal stromal tumors. Int J Clin Oncol, 2007. 12(5): p. 369-74.
Chen, Y., et al., Tumor rupture predicts early metastasis and poor prognosis in stage III soft tissue sarcomas. World J Surg, 2011. 35(5): p. 1002-9.
Kim, H.C., et al., The various manifestations of ruptured hepatocellular carcinoma: CT imaging findings. Abdominal Imaging, 2008. 33(6): p. 633-642.
Canete-Portillo, S., et al., Vascular architectural patterns in clear cell renal cell carcinoma and clear cell papillary renal cell carcinoma. Virchows Archiv, 2021. 479(6): p. 1187-1196.
Thomas, A.J., et al., Bleeding Liver Masses: Imaging Features With Pathologic Correlation and Impact on Management. AJR Am J Roentgenol, 2019. 213(1): p. 8-16.
Thomas, A.J., et al., Bleeding Liver Masses: Imaging Features With Pathologic Correlation and Impact on Management. American Journal of Roentgenology, 2019. 213(1): p. 8-16.
Singh Bhinder, N. and S.M. Zangan, Hepatocellular Carcinoma Rupture Following Transarterial Chemoembolization. Semin intervent Radiol, 2015. 32(01): p. 049-053.
Casillas, V.J., et al., Imaging of nontraumatic hemorrhagic hepatic lesions. Radiographics, 2000. 20(2): p. 367-78.
Renzulli, P., et al., Systematic review of atraumatic splenic rupture. British Journal of Surgery, 2009. 96(10): p. 1114-1121.
Samà, L., et al., Emergency Retroperitoneal Sarcoma Surgery for Preoperative Rupture and Hemoperitoneum: A Case Report. Cureus, 2021. 13(3): p. e13936.
Bonvalot, S., et al., Primary retroperitoneal sarcomas: a multivariate analysis of surgical factors associated with local control. J Clin Oncol, 2009. 27(1): p. 31-7.
Zorn, K.C., et al., Embolization of renal-artery pseudoaneurysm after laparoscopic partial nephrectomy for angiomyolipoma: case report and literature review. J Endourol, 2007. 21(7): p. 763-8.
Chia, C., et al., Splenic Artery Pseudoaneurysm Masquerading as a Pancreatic Cyst-A Diagnostic Challenge. Int Surg, 2015. 100(6): p. 1069-71.
Schatz, R.A., S. Schabel, and D.C. Rockey, Idiopathic Splenic Artery Pseudoaneurysm Rupture as an Uncommon Cause of Hemorrhagic Shock. J Investig Med High Impact Case Rep, 2015. 3(2): p. 2324709615577816.
Savastano, S., et al., Arterial complications of pancreatitis: diagnostic and therapeutic role of radiology. Pancreas, 1993. 8(6): p. 687-92.
Tessier, D.J., et al., Clinical features and management of splenic artery pseudoaneurysm: case series and cumulative review of literature. Journal of Vascular Surgery, 2003. 38(5): p. 969-974.
Yamaçake, K.G., et al., Renal artery pseudoaneurysm after blunt renal trauma: report on three cases and review of the literature. Sao Paulo Med J, 2013. 131(5): p. 356-62.
Kisa, E., et al., Renal artery pseudoaneurysm after open partial nephrectomy for renal cell carcinoma. Urologia, 2020. 87(1): p. 11-14.
Dan, A.M., et al., A rare case of renal artery aneurysm - dawning of new treatment approach. Urol Ann, 2022. 14(1): p. 99-101.
Bai, H., et al., Erlotinib and gefitinib treatments of the lung cancer in an elderly patient result in gastrointestinal bleeding. Pak J Med Sci, 2013. 29(5): p. 1278-9.
Xiao, J., et al., Bleeding with gastrointestinal and ureteral ulcers after gefitinib treatment: a case report. Transl Cancer Res, 2021. 10(4): p. 1941-1946.
Yu, M., et al., Continuous Vaginal Bleeding Induced By EGFR-TKI in Premenopausal Female Patients With EGFR Mutant NSCLC. Frontiers in Oncology, 2022. 12.
Khorana, A.A., et al., Thromboembolism is a leading cause of death in cancer patients receiving outpatient chemotherapy. J Thromb Haemost, 2007. 5(3): p. 632-4.
Piscaglia, F., et al., Criteria for diagnosing benign portal vein thrombosis in the assessment of patients with cirrhosis and hepatocellular carcinoma for liver transplantation. Liver Transplantation, 2010. 16(5): p. 658-667.
Rohatgi, S., et al., Multimodality Imaging of Tumour Thrombus. Can Assoc Radiol J, 2015. 66(2): p. 121-9.
Krasna, M.J., et al., Vascular and neural invasion in colorectal carcinoma. Incidence and prognostic significance. Cancer, 1988. 61(5): p. 1018-23.
Ikai, I., et al., Reevaluation of prognostic factors for survival after liver resection in patients with hepatocellular carcinoma in a Japanese nationwide survey. Cancer, 2004. 101(4): p. 796-802.
Hoehn, W. and P. Hermanek, Invasion of veins in renal cell carcinoma - frequency, correlation and prognosis. Eur Urol, 1983. 9(5): p. 276-80.
Yedururi, S., et al., Tumor thrombus in the large veins draining primary pelvic osteosarcoma on cross sectional imaging. Eur J Radiol, 2018. 105: p. 49-55.
Benezech, S., et al., Prognostic Value of Vascular Invasion in Pediatric Osteosarcomas. Pathol Oncol Res, 2016. 22(4): p. 847-52.
Lai, P., et al., Detection of tumour thrombus by 18F-FDG-PET/CT imaging. Eur J Cancer Prev, 2007. 16(1): p. 90-4.
Gunasekaran, A.K., et al., Hepatocellular Carcinoma with Inferior Vena Cava and Right Atrium Tumor Thrombus. Acta Med Litu, 2021. 28(2): p. 344-348.
Coppell, J.A., et al., Hepatic veno-occlusive disease following stem cell transplantation: incidence, clinical course, and outcome. Biol Blood Marrow Transplant, 2010. 16(2): p. 157-68.
Dalle, J.-H. and S.A. Giralt, Hepatic Veno-Occlusive Disease after Hematopoietic Stem Cell Transplantation: Risk Factors and Stratification, Prophylaxis, and Treatment. Biology of Blood and Marrow Transplantation, 2016. 22(3): p. 400-409.
Pihusch, M., et al., Diagnosis of hepatic veno-occlusive disease by plasminogen activator inhibitor-1 plasma antigen levels: a prospective analysis in 350 allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell recipients. Transplantation, 2005. 80(10): p. 1376-82.
in The EBMT Handbook: Hematopoietic Stem Cell Transplantation and Cellular Therapies, E. Carreras, et al., Editors. 2019, Springer
Copyright 2019, The Editor(s) (if applicable) and The Author(s). Cham (CH).
Nishida, M., et al., Novel Ultrasonographic Scoring System of Sinusoidal Obstruction Syndrome after Hematopoietic Stem Cell Transplantation. Biol Blood Marrow Transplant, 2018. 24(9): p. 1896-1900.
Cairo, M.S., et al., Modified diagnostic criteria, grading classification and newly elucidated pathophysiology of hepatic SOS/VOD after haematopoietic cell transplantation. Br J Haematol, 2020. 190(6): p. 822-836.
Chan, S.S., et al., Imaging in Hepatic Veno-Occlusive Disease/Sinusoidal Obstruction Syndrome. Biology of Blood and Marrow Transplantation, 2020. 26(10): p. 1770-1779.
Nishida, M., et al., Novel Ultrasonographic Scoring System of Sinusoidal Obstruction Syndrome after Hematopoietic Stem Cell Transplantation. Biology of Blood and Marrow Transplantation, 2018. 24(9): p. 1896-1900.
Varki, A., Trousseau's syndrome: multiple definitions and multiple mechanisms. Blood, 2007. 110(6): p. 1723-9.
Pineo, G.F., et al., Tumors, mucus production, and hypercoagulability. Ann N Y Acad Sci, 1974. 230: p. 262-70.
Ikushima, S., et al., Trousseau's syndrome: cancer-associated thrombosis. Jpn J Clin Oncol, 2016. 46(3): p. 204-8.
Darvin, P., et al., Immune checkpoint inhibitors: recent progress and potential biomarkers. Experimental & Molecular Medicine, 2018. 50(12): p. 1-11.
Fragulidis, G., et al., Immune-related intestinal pseudo-obstruction associated with nivolumab treatment in a lung cancer patient. J Oncol Pharm Pract, 2019. 25(2): p. 487-491.
Kondapalli, L., W. Bottinor, and C. Lenneman, By Releasing the Brakes With Immunotherapy, Are We Accelerating Atherosclerosis? Circulation, 2020. 142(24): p. 2312-2315.
Sharma, S.K., et al., Antibody-directed enzyme prodrug therapy (ADEPT). A three-phase study in ovarian tumor xenografts. Cell Biophys, 1994. 24-25: p. 219-28.
Poels, K., et al., Immune checkpoint inhibitor treatment and atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease: an emerging clinical problem. J Immunother Cancer, 2021. 9(6).
Ibañez, B., J.J. Badimon, and M.J. Garcia, Diagnosis of Atherosclerosis by Imaging. The American Journal of Medicine, 2009. 122(1, Supplement): p. S15-S25.
Morani, A.C., et al., Imaging of acute abdomen in cancer patients. Abdom Radiol (NY), 2020. 45(8): p. 2287-2304.
Gore, R.M., et al., Bowel Obstruction. Radiol Clin North Am, 2015. 53(6): p. 1225-40.
Ripamonti, C.I., A.M. Easson, and H. Gerdes, Management of malignant bowel obstruction. European Journal of Cancer, 2008. 44(8): p. 1105-1115.
Silva, A.C., M. Pimenta, and L.S. Guimaraes, Small Bowel Obstruction: What to Look For. RadioGraphics, 2009. 29(2): p. 423-439.
Reddy, S. and M. Cappell, A Systematic Review of the Clinical Presentation, Diagnosis, and Treatment of Small Bowel Obstruction Current Gastroenterology Reports. 017; 19: 28. Cite this article9803 Accesses. 51.
Shimura, T. and T. Joh, Evidence-based clinical management of acute malignant colorectal obstruction. Journal of clinical gastroenterology, 2016. 50(4): p. 273-285.
Ramanathan, S., et al., Large bowel obstruction in the emergency department: imaging spectrum of common and uncommon causes. Journal of Clinical imaging science, 2017. 7.
Maglinte, D.D., et al., Reliability and role of plain film radiography and CT in the diagnosis of small-bowel obstruction. AJR Am J Roentgenol, 1996. 167(6): p. 1451-5.
Hayakawa, K., et al., CT findings of small bowel strangulation: the importance of contrast enhancement. Emerg Radiol, 2013. 20(1): p. 3-9.
Masselli, G. and G. Gualdi, CT and MR enterography in evaluating small bowel diseases: when to use which modality? Abdominal Imaging, 2013. 38(2): p. 249-259.
Balazs, A., P.K. Kupcsulik, and Z. Galambos, Esophagorespiratory fistulas of tumorous origin. Non-operative management of 264 cases in a 20-year period. European Journal of Cardio-Thoracic Surgery, 2008. 34(5): p. 1103-1107.
Duda, J.B., S. Bhatt, and V.S. Dogra, Utility of CT Whirl Sign in Guiding Management of Small-Bowel Obstruction. American Journal of Roentgenology, 2008. 191(3): p. 743-747.
Sandhu, P.S., et al., Bowel transition points: multiplicity and posterior location at CT are associated with small-bowel volvulus. Radiology, 2007. 245(1): p. 160-167.
Mbengue, A., et al., Closed loop obstruction: pictorial essay. Diagn Interv Imaging, 2015. 96(2): p. 213-20.
Langell, J.T. and S.J. Mulvihill, Gastrointestinal perforation and the acute abdomen. Med Clin North Am, 2008. 92(3): p. 599-625, viii-ix.
Bosscher, M.R.F., B.L. van Leeuwen, and H.J. Hoekstra, Surgical emergencies in oncology. Cancer Treatment Reviews, 2014. 40(8): p. 1028-1036.
Kumar, A., et al., The etiology of pneumoperitoneum in the 21st century. Journal of Trauma and Acute Care Surgery, 2012. 73(3): p. 542-548.
Ara, C., et al., Spontaneous intestinal perforation due to non-Hodgkin's lymphoma: evaluation of eight cases. Digestive diseases and sciences, 2007. 52(8): p. 1752-1756.
Del Gaizo, A.J., et al., From esophagus to rectum: a comprehensive review of alimentary tract perforations at computed tomography. Abdom Imaging, 2014. 39(4): p. 802-23.
Dormagen, J.B., N. Verma, and K.R. Fink, Imaging in Oncologic Emergencies. Seminars in Roentgenology, 2020. 55(2): p. 95-114.
Hainaux, B., et al., Accuracy of MDCT in Predicting Site of Gastrointestinal Tract Perforation. American Journal of Roentgenology, 2006. 187(5): p. 1179-1183.
Kim, S.H., et al., Gastrointestinal tract perforation: MDCT findings according to the perforation sites. Korean J Radiol, 2009. 10(1): p. 63-70.
Furukawa, A., et al., Gastrointestinal tract perforation: CT diagnosis of presence, site, and cause. Abdom Imaging, 2005. 30(5): p. 524-34.
Faggian, A., et al., Imaging Patients With Alimentary Tract Perforation: Literature Review. Semin Ultrasound CT MR, 2016. 37(1): p. 66-9.
Picone, D., et al., Imaging Assessment of Gastroduodenal Perforations. Semin Ultrasound CT MR, 2016. 37(1): p. 16-22.
Imuta, M., et al., Multidetector CT findings suggesting a perforation site in the gastrointestinal tract: analysis in surgically confirmed 155 patients. Radiat Med, 2007. 25(3): p. 113-8.
Pouli, S., et al., Gastrointestinal perforation: clinical and MDCT clues for identification of aetiology. Insights into Imaging, 2020. 11(1): p. 1-19.
Cadenas Rodríguez, L., et al., [Use of multidetector computed tomography for locating the site of gastrointestinal tract perforations]. Cir Esp, 2013. 91(5): p. 316-23.
Borofsky, S., et al., The emergency room diagnosis of gastrointestinal tract perforation: the role of CT. Emergency Radiology, 2015. 22(3): p. 315-327.
Pow-anpongkul, P., P.G. Chu, and T.D. Kidambi, Capecitabine-Induced Enteritis Leading to Small Bowel Obstruction. Gastroenterology, 2019. 156(5): p. e8-e9.
Al-Gahmi, A.M., et al., Capecitabine-induced terminal ileitis. Annals of Saudi Medicine, 2012. 32(6): p. 661-662.
Iranzo, I., et al., Endoscopic evaluation of immunotherapy-induced gastrointestinal toxicity. World J Gastrointest Endosc, 2018. 10(12): p. 392-399.
Mourad, A.P. and M.S. De Robles, Chemoimmunotherapy-related enteritis resulting in a mechanical small bowel obstruction – A case report. International Journal of Surgery Case Reports, 2021. 79: p. 131-134.
Ostby, S.A., et al., Bowel Perforation in the Emergency Department Related to Bevacizumab Therapy and Recurrent Ovarian Cancer. Clin Pract Cases Emerg Med, 2020. 4(2): p. 227-229.
Thornton, E., et al., Imaging features of bowel toxicities in the setting of molecular targeted therapies in cancer patients. The British Journal of Radiology, 2012. 85(1018): p. 1420-1426.
Sliesoraitis, S. and B. Tawfik, Bevacizumab-induced bowel perforation. J Am Osteopath Assoc, 2011. 111(7): p. 437-41.
Shaikh, D.H., et al., Paclitaxel-Induced Bowel Perforation: A Rare Cause of Acute Abdomen. Case Reports in Gastroenterology, 2020. 14(3): p. 687-694.
Rodrigues, F.G., G. Dasilva, and S.D. Wexner, Neutropenic enterocolitis. World J Gastroenterol, 2017. 23(1): p. 42-47.
Reginelli, A., et al., Chemotherapy-induced bowel ischemia: diagnostic imaging overview. Abdom Radiol (NY), 2022. 47(5): p. 1556-1564.
Pickhardt, P.J., S. Bhalla, and D.M. Balfe, Acquired gastrointestinal fistulas: classification, etiologies, and imaging evaluation. Radiology, 2002. 224(1): p. 9-23.
Shinagare, A.B., et al., Pneumatosis intestinalis and bowel perforation associated with molecular targeted therapy: an emerging problem and the role of radiologists in its management. AJR Am J Roentgenol, 2012. 199(6): p. 1259-65.
Dorelo, R., et al., Gastrocolic fistula: an unusual presentation of colon cancer. Endoscopy, 2021. 53(12): p. E444-E445.
Narayanan, P., et al., Fistulas in malignant gynecologic disease: etiology, imaging, and management. Radiographics, 2009. 29(4): p. 1073-83.
Yahagi, N., et al., Ovarian carcinoma complicated by sigmoid colon fistula formation: a case report and review of the literature. J Obstet Gynaecol Res, 2011. 37(3): p. 250-3.
Budimir, I., et al., Secondary arterio-enteric fistula: case report and review of the literature. Acta Clin Croat, 2012. 51(1): p. 79-82.
Zhao, R.J., et al., Enteral fistula as initial manifestation of primary intestinal lymphoma. Chin Med J (Engl), 2020. 133(1): p. 101-102.
Palumbo, V., et al., Entero-neovesical fistula after radical cystectomy and orthotopic ileal neobladder: A report of two cases requiring surgical management. Urologia Journal, 2019. 86(1): p. 39-42.
Chamberlain, R.S., H.L. Kaufman, and D.N. Danforth, Enterocutaneous fistula in cancer patients: etiology, management, outcome, and impact on further treatment. Am Surg, 1998. 64(12): p. 1204-11.
Wang, V., et al., Enterocolic fistula associated with an intestinal lymphoma. MedGenMed, 2007. 9(1): p. 28.
Bhatia, T.P., P. Ghimire, and M.L. Panhani, Spigelian hernia. Kathmandu Univ Med J (KUMJ), 2010. 8(30): p. 241-3.
Kuzan, T.Y., et al., Spigelian Hernia Including the Urinary Bladder: A Rare Potential Cause of Surgical Complication. J Radiol Case Rep, 2019. 13(3): p. 8-12.
Boulay, B.R. and A. Birg, Malignant biliary obstruction: From palliation to treatment. World J Gastrointest Oncol, 2016. 8(6): p. 498-508.
Oneda, E., M. Abu Hilal, and A. Zaniboni, Biliary Tract Cancer: Current Medical Treatment Strategies. Cancers (Basel), 2020. 12(5).
Pinto, A., et al., Accuracy of ultrasonography in the diagnosis of acute calculous cholecystitis: review of the literature. Critical Ultrasound Journal, 2013. 5(1): p. S11.
Barie, P.S. and E. Fischer, Acute acalculous cholecystitis. J Am Coll Surg, 1995. 180(2): p. 232-44.
Abu-Sbeih, H., et al., Case series of cancer patients who developed cholecystitis related to immune checkpoint inhibitor treatment. Journal for ImmunoTherapy of Cancer, 2019. 7(1): p. 118.
Badia, J.M., et al., Surgical management of acute cholecystitis. Results of a nation-wide survey among Spanish surgeons. Cir Esp, 2014. 92(8): p. 517-24.
Wignall, T.A., B.M. Carrington, and J.P. Logue, Post-radiotherapy osteomyelitis of the symphysis pubis: computed tomographic features. Clin Radiol, 1998. 53(2): p. 126-30.
Zhao, N., et al., CT-guided special approaches of drainage for intraabdominal and pelvic abscesses: One single center's experience and review of literature. Medicine (Baltimore), 2018. 97(42): p. e12905.
Lundstedt, C., et al., Radiological diagnosis in proven intraabdominal abscess formation: a comparison between plain films of the abdomen, ultrasonography and computerized tomography. Gastrointest Radiol, 1983. 8(3): p. 261-6.
Halber, M.D., et al., Intraabdominal abscess: current concepts in radiologic evaluation. AJR Am J Roentgenol, 1979. 133(1): p. 9-13.
Malekzadeh, S., et al., Typical imaging finding of hepatic infections: a pictorial essay. Abdom Radiol (NY), 2021. 46(2): p. 544-561.
Bächler, P., et al., Multimodality Imaging of Liver Infections: Differential Diagnosis and Potential Pitfalls. Radiographics, 2016. 36(4): p. 1001-23.
Reddy, C.A., et al., Nivolumab-induced large-duct cholangiopathy treated with ursodeoxycholic acid and tocilizumab. Immunotherapy, 2019. 11(18): p. 1527-1531.
Sayed Ahmed, A., et al., Type 3 autoimmune pancreatitis (immune checkpoint inhibitor-induced pancreatitis). Curr Opin Gastroenterol, 2022. 38(5): p. 516-520.
Flores-Calderón, J., et al., Acute pancreatitis in children with acute lymphoblastic leukemia treated with L-asparaginase. J Pediatr Hematol Oncol, 2009. 31(10): p. 790-3.
Cole, J.S. and R.A. Patchell, Metastatic epidural spinal cord compression. The Lancet Neurology, 2008. 7(5): p. 459-466.
Bach, F., et al., Metastatic spinal cord compression. Occurrence, symptoms, clinical presentations and prognosis in 398 patients with spinal cord compression. Acta Neurochir (Wien), 1990. 107(1-2): p. 37-43.
Schiff, D., B.P. O'Neill, and V.J. Suman, Spinal epidural metastasis as the initial manifestation of malignancy: clinical features and diagnostic approach. Neurology, 1997. 49(2): p. 452-6.
Li, K.C. and P.Y. Poon, Sensitivity and specificity of MRI in detecting malignant spinal cord compression and in distinguishing malignant from benign compression fractures of vertebrae. Magn Reson Imaging, 1988. 6(5): p. 547-56.
Milton, J., J. Renner, and V. Awuor, B-cell lymphoma presenting as multiple nerve sheath tumors. Surg Neurol Int, 2017. 8: p. 142.
Hollender, A., et al., Prognostic factors in 140 adult patients with non-Hodgkin's lymphoma with systemic central nervous system (CNS) involvement. A single centre analysis. Eur J Cancer, 2000. 36(14): p. 1762-8.
Baehring, J.M., et al., Neurolymphomatosis. Neuro Oncol, 2003. 5(2): p. 104-15.
Grisariu, S., et al., Neurolymphomatosis: an International Primary CNS Lymphoma Collaborative Group report. Blood, 2010. 115(24): p. 5005-11.
Chaturvedi, A., et al., Imaging of thoracic hernias: types and complications. Insights Imaging, 2018. 9(6): p. 989-1005.
Funding
No funding was received to assist with the preparation of this manuscript.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Contributions
Conceptualization: CW, BM; Literature search: AP, BM, CW; writing—original draft preparation: AP, BM; writing—review and editing: BM, CW; supervision: BM, CW.
Corresponding author
Ethics declarations
Competing interests
The authors have no competing interests to declare that are relevant to the content of this article.
Additional information
Publisher's Note
Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.
Rights and permissions
Springer Nature or its licensor (e.g. a society or other partner) holds exclusive rights to this article under a publishing agreement with the author(s) or other rightsholder(s); author self-archiving of the accepted manuscript version of this article is solely governed by the terms of such publishing agreement and applicable law.
About this article
Cite this article
Pooyan, A., Mansoori, B. & Wang, C. Imaging of abdominopelvic oncologic emergencies. Abdom Radiol 49, 823–841 (2024). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00261-023-04112-8
Received:
Revised:
Accepted:
Published:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s00261-023-04112-8