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Valorization of whey-based side streams for microbial biomass, molecular hydrogen, and hydrogenase production

  • Bioenergy and Biofuels
  • Published:
Applied Microbiology and Biotechnology Aims and scope Submit manuscript

Abstract

Side streams of the dairy industry are a suitable nutrient source for cultivating microorganisms, producing enzymes, and high-value chemical compounds. The heterotrophic Escherichia coli and chemolithoautotroph Ralstonia eutropha are of major biotechnological interest. R. eutropha is a model organism for producing O2-tolerant [NiFe]-hydrogenases (Hyds) (biocatalysts), and E. coli has found widespread use as an expression platform for producing recombinant proteins, molecular hydrogen (H2), and other valuable products. Aiming at developing suitable cultivation media from side streams of the dairy industry, the pre-treatment (filtration, dilution, and pH adjustment) of cheese (sweet) whey (SW) and curd (acid) whey (AW), with and without the use of ß-glucosidase, has been performed. Growth parameters (oxidation–reduction potential (ORP), pH changes, specific growth rate, biomass formation) of E. coli BW25113 and R. eutropha H16 type strains were monitored during cultivation on filtered and non-filtered SW and AW at 37 °C, pH 7.5 and 30 °C, pH 7.0, respectively. Along with microbial growth, measurements of pH and ORP indicated good fermentative growth. Compared to growth on fructose-nitrogen minimal salt medium (control), a maximum cell yield (OD600 4.0) and H2-oxidizing Hyd activity were achieved in the stationary growth phase for R. eutropha. Hyd-3-dependent H2 production by E. coli utilizing whey as a growth substrate was demonstrated. Moreover, good biomass production and prolonged H2 yields of ~ 5 mmol/L and cumulative H2 ~ 94 mL g/L dry whey (DW) (ß-glucosidase-treated) were observed during the cultivation of the engineered E. coli strain. These results open new avenues for effective whey treatment using thermostable β-glucosidase and confirm whey as an economically viable commodity for biomass and biocatalyst production.

Key points

• Archaeal thermostable β-glucosidase isolated from the metagenome of a hydrothermal spring was used for lactose hydrolysis in whey.

• Hydrogenase enzyme activity was induced during the growth of Ralstonia eutropha H16 on whey.

• Enhanced biomass and H 2 production was shown in a genetically modified strain of Escherichia coli.

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All data generated or analyzed during this study are included in this published article.

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Funding

The research is conducted within the ADVANCE Research Grant provided by the Foundation for Armenian Science and Technology and Yerevan State University to AP, KT, EM, APa, SA, and GA and the grant [21AG-1F043] from the State Committee of Science, Ministry of Education, Science, Culture and Sport of Armenia to AP.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Biochemistry, Microbiology, and Biotechnology, Yerevan State University, Yerevan, Armenia, 1 A. Manoukian Str, 0025, Yerevan, Armenia

    Anna Poladyan, Karen Trchounian, Hayarpi Aghekyan & Meri Iskandaryan

  2. Research Institute of Biology, Biology Faculty, Yerevan State University, 0025, Yerevan, Armenia

    Anna Poladyan, Karen Trchounian, Hayarpi Aghekyan, Meri Iskandaryan & Sargis Aghayan

  3. SPC “Armbiotechnology” NAS RA, Yerevan, Armenia

    Ani Paloyan, Lev Khoyetsyan & Avetis Tsaturyan

  4. Institute of Pharmacy, Yerevan State University, 0025, Yerevan, Armenia

    Ela Minasyan & Avetis Tsaturyan

  5. Hamburg University of Technology, Institute of Technical Biocatalysis, Hamburg, Germany

    Garabed Antranikian

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  1. Anna Poladyan
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Contributions

AP conceived and designed the study. AP and KT wrote the manuscript. MI and HA performed the experiments and analyzed the data. EM and AT performed HPLC and ICP-OES analysis of whey. LK and APa performed enzymatic whey treatment and provided analytical tools. SA and GA edited the manuscript and gave recommendations for the experiment. All authors read and approved the manuscript.

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Correspondence to Anna Poladyan.

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Poladyan, A., Trchounian, K., Paloyan, A. et al. Valorization of whey-based side streams for microbial biomass, molecular hydrogen, and hydrogenase production. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 107, 4683–4696 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00253-023-12609-x

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