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Reversible S-nitrosylation limits over synthesis of fungal styrylpyrone upon nitric oxide burst

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Abstract

Nitric oxide (NO) is known to be involved in modulating production of styrylpyrone polyphenols in the basidiomycete Inonotus obliquus. However, it remains unknown how NO orchestrates fungal styrylpyrone biosynthesis. Here, we show that a transient NO burst correlated with an enhanced expression of phenylalanine ammonia lyase (PAL), 4-coumarate CoA ligase (4CL), and styrylpyrone synthase (SPS), the key enzymes involved in styrylpyrone biosynthesis, and subsequently an increased production of styrylpyrone polyphenols. In parallel, the NO burst also resulted in S-nitrosylation of PAL, 4CL, and SPS, which compromised their enzymatic activities mediating a post-translational feedback mechanism that keeps NO-dependent transcriptional activation in check. Moreover, dysfunction of thioredoxin reductase (TrxR) further increased the formation of S-nitrosylated proteins, implicating the significance of the Trx system in maintaining a low level of protein-nitrosothiols. Three thioredoxin-like proteins (TrxLs) from I. obliquus show in vitro denitrosylation potential toward S-nitrosylated proteins via trans-denitrosylation or mixed disulfide intermediates. Thus, S-nitrosylation triggered by the NO burst limits over production of fungal styrylpyrone polyphenols, and denitrosylation by TrxLs that act in concert with TrxR play a key role in maintaining redox balance and orchestrating catalytic activities of the enzymes engaged in styrylpyrone synthetic metabolism.

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Acknowledgments

This work is supported by the grants from the Natural Science Foundation of China (31170063, 31470173) for Dr. Weifa Zheng. The authors thank Dr. Yiqin Wang from Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences for her help in gene cloning and protein expression. The authors also appreciate Dr. Wenbing Yin from Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, for his advice in genome annotation of I. obliquus.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Laboratory of Biotechnology on Medicinal Plants, School of Life Sciences, Jiangsu Normal University, Xuzhou, 221116, China

    Yanxia Zhao, Meihong He, Qi Xi, Jianing Ding, Baixia Hao & Weifa Zheng

  2. Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, University of Wisconsin-Madison, WI, 53706, USA

    Nancy P Keller

Authors
  1. Yanxia Zhao
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  2. Meihong He
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  3. Qi Xi
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  4. Jianing Ding
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  5. Baixia Hao
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  6. Nancy P Keller
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  7. Weifa Zheng
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Corresponding authors

Correspondence to Nancy P Keller or Weifa Zheng.

Ethics declarations

This study deals with the culture of two medicinal fungi I. obliquus and P. morii, gene cloning, and expression of the proteins from I. obliquus. Considering the sarcrifice of rabbits in antibody preparation, the recombinant antigens were commissioned to Animal Centre of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Chinease Academy of Sciences, where the Physical Containment Level 2 was applied for rabbit raising and immunity. None of the other conducts involved in this study are condidered to be “vulnerable,” and there is no indication that the research processes will result in any harm or dicomfort except the cost of rabbit.

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The authors declare that they have no conflict of interest.

Additional information

Yanxia Zhao and Meihong He contributed equally to this work.

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Zhao, Y., He, M., Xi, Q. et al. Reversible S-nitrosylation limits over synthesis of fungal styrylpyrone upon nitric oxide burst. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 100, 4123–4134 (2016). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00253-016-7442-7

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  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s00253-016-7442-7

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