Abstract
The picture emerging from the rapidly growing literature on host-associated microbiota is that host traits and fitness often depend on interactive effects of host genotype, microbiota, and abiotic environment. However, testing interactive effects typically requires large, multi-factorial experiments and thus remains challenging in many systems. Furthermore, most studies of plant microbiomes focus on terrestrial hosts and microbes. Aquatic habitats may confer unique properties to microbiomes. We grew different populations of duckweed (Lemna minor), a floating aquatic plant, in three microbial treatments (adding no, “home”, or “away” microbes) at two levels of zinc, a common water contaminant in urban areas, and measured both plant and microbial performance. Thus, we simultaneously manipulated plant source population, microbial community, and abiotic environment. We found strong effects of plant source, microbial treatment, and zinc on duckweed and microbial growth, with significant variation among duckweed genotypes and microbial communities. However, we found little evidence of interactive effects: zinc did not alter effects of host genotype or microbial community, and host genotype did not alter effects of microbial communities. Despite strong positive correlations between duckweed and microbe growth, zinc consistently decreased plant growth, but increased microbial growth. Furthermore, as in recent studies of terrestrial plants, microbial interactions altered a duckweed phenotype (frond aggregation). Our results suggest that duckweed source population, associated microbiome, and contaminant environment should all be considered for duckweed applications, such as phytoremediation. Lastly, we propose that duckweed microbes offer a robust experimental system for study of host–microbiota interactions under a range of environmental stresses.
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Acknowledgments
The authors would like to thank D. Sinton and B. Nguyen for engineering solutions improving our experimental setup and members of the Frederickson lab for discussion.
Funding
This work was funded by the Natural Sciences and Engineering Council of Canada (NSERC), through a Discovery Grant to MEF (RGPIN-2015-06742) and a Canada Graduate Scholarship to JL. EL was supported by the University of Toronto Centre for Global Change Science.
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JL, EL, MEF, and AMO executed collections. AMO and JL ran the experiment and collected data. AMO performed analyses and provided the first draft. All contributed to study design, revised the manuscript, and gave approval for publication.
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O’Brien, A.M., Laurich, J., Lash, E. et al. Mutualistic Outcomes Across Plant Populations, Microbes, and Environments in the Duckweed Lemna minor. Microb Ecol 80, 384–397 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00248-019-01452-1
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s00248-019-01452-1