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The Roles of Diet and Habitat Use in Pesticide Bioaccumulation by Juvenile Chinook Salmon: Insights from Stable Isotopes and Fatty Acid Biomarkers

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Abstract

Stable isotopes (SI) and fatty acid (FA) biomarkers can provide insights regarding trophic pathways and habitats associated with contaminant bioaccumulation. We assessed relationships between SI and FA biomarkers and published data on concentrations of two pesticides [dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane and degradation products (DDX) and bifenthrin] in juvenile Chinook Salmon (Oncorhynchus tshawytscha) from the Sacramento River and Yolo Bypass floodplain in Northern California near Sacramento. We also conducted SI and FA analyses of zooplankton and macroinvertebrates to determine whether particular trophic pathways and habitats were associated with elevated pesticide concentrations in fish. Relationships between DDX and both sulfur (δ34S) and carbon (δ13C) SI ratios in salmon indicated that diet is a major exposure route for DDX, particularly for individuals with a benthic detrital energy base. Greater use of a benthic detrital energy base likely accounted for the higher frequency of salmon with DDX concentrations > 60 ng/g dw in the Yolo Bypass compared to the Sacramento River. Chironomid larvae and zooplankton were implicated as prey items likely responsible for trophic transfer of DDX to salmon. Sulfur SI ratios enabled identification of hatchery-origin fish that had likely spent insufficient time in the wild to substantially bioaccumulate DDX. Bifenthrin concentration was unrelated to SI or FA biomarkers in salmon, potentially due to aqueous uptake, biotransformation and elimination of the pesticide, or indistinct biomarker compositions among invertebrates with low and high bifenthrin concentrations. One FA [docosahexaenoic acid (DHA)] and DDX were negatively correlated in salmon, potentially due to a greater uptake of DDX from invertebrates with low DHA or effects of DDX on FA metabolism. Trophic biomarkers may be useful indicators of DDX accumulation and effects in juvenile Chinook Salmon in the Sacramento River Delta.

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Data Availability

The datasets generated during and/or analyzed during the current study are available from the corresponding author on reasonable request.

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Acknowledgements

The authors would like to thank the California Department of Water Resources (W. Sacramento office staff), U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service (Lodi office staff) and Victoria McGruer (UC Riverside) for assistance with field collections. Any use of trade, firm, or product names is for descriptive purposes only and does not imply endorsement by the U.S. Government.

Funding

This research was funded through the California Department of Fish and Wildlife Proposition 1 Restoration Grant Program (#P1896015).

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Center for Fisheries, Aquaculture, and Aquatic Sciences, Southern Illinois University, Carbondale, IL, 62901, USA

    Sara E. Anzalone, Neil W. Fuller, Kara E. Huff Hartz, Gregory W. Whitledge & Michael J. Lydy

  2. U.S. Geological Survey, Columbia Environmental Research Center, Columbia, MO, 65201, USA

    Jason T. Magnuson

  3. Department of Environmental Sciences, University of California Riverside, Riverside, CA, 92521, USA

    Jason T. Magnuson & Daniel Schlenk

  4. Metropolitan Water District of Southern California, Sacramento, CA, 95814, USA

    Shawn Acuña

  5. Department of Soil and Water Sciences, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, 32611, USA

    Matt R. Whiles

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  1. Sara E. Anzalone
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Anzalone, S.E., Fuller, N.W., Hartz, K.E.H. et al. The Roles of Diet and Habitat Use in Pesticide Bioaccumulation by Juvenile Chinook Salmon: Insights from Stable Isotopes and Fatty Acid Biomarkers. Arch Environ Contam Toxicol 86, 234–248 (2024). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00244-024-01060-2

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